Economic studies, Spain

One of the classical topics of pharmaceutical economics, the price elasticity of demand when there is co-payment or shared financing between the insurer and the user, is addressed by Cruz-Roche20 with some calculations on this elasticity. The same topic is developed by Puig-Junoy,21 applied to the Spanish case. This study includes a review of the international literature with empirical content, a detailed description of co-payment in Spain, its regulation since 1978, the main data and estimates of the effect of the switching of prescriptions from the employed to pensioners, and the price elasticity of demand (which is found to be small). 

DSP has some relevant economic repercussions that are the object of study in Chapter 47. According to data from Food and Agriculture Organization (EAO), the world s mussel production in 2003 was 1,800,000 tons, 1,620,000 of which came from aquiculture (90%). Europe is the second biggest mussel producer in the world (593,644 tons in 2003) after China (883,237 tons). In Europe, Spain is the main producer, with 248,827 tons (which represents 76,991 M ) (Eurostat data for... 

These published studies have recognised wool and meat as the co-products for sheep production systems of interest. However, sheep systems in some regions also provide milk with high economic value for human food. It is also recognised that sheep can provide other functions that can potentially be accounted for, thereby reducing the environmental impacts allocated to wool. For example, RipoU-Bosch et al. (2013) studied sheep systems in Spain and noted that the benefits of sheep to ecosystem services (e.g. conservation of biodiversity and landscapes) were important in extensive mid-high altitude natural/seminatural areas and allocated up to one-half of total GHG emissions to these ecosystem services based on an economic approach. 

The catalyst transfers back and forth between the two reactors, as in Fig. 15.5, and effectively carries the chlorine value from the chlorinator to the oxidizer, where it can be released as chlorine gas. For this reason, the process was dubbed the Catalytic Carrier Process. Separation of the two stages allows each to operate at its own optimum conditions, and higher conversion of HCI to CI2 is the result. This process has operated on a pilot scale in Spain, but no commercial operation has been reported. A study of projected economics [19] based on the optimistic assumptions of quantitative conversion of HCI vapor to chlorine and the recovery of chlorine by absorption in the prohibited solvent CCI4 indicated that this process had advantages over certain other oxidation processes... 

Case study IQAotgoo et al., 2008) The Upper Tagus Natural Park is one of the largest and most valuable protected areas in Spain (Guadalajara Province). In this area, a spatial coincidence of extraordinary natural resources takes place. On the one hand, exceptional kaolin deposits occur within sediments of the Upper Cretaceous strata (Utrillas Formation). 30% of the kaolin production of Spain comes frxrm this area, mining being the second economic activity here (13.5% of the local employment). On the other hand, this portion of land supports unique bio and geodiversity in Spain, with distinctive aquatic... 

Ezekiela Arrizabalaga is researcher at the research Unit Innovation Systems of TECNALIA Research Innovation, Spain. She predominantly contributes her expertise in EU-funded projects in the field of gender and science. Beside her research she has a Postgraduate in European Studies and a B.Sc in Law and Economics by the Deusto University Bilbao. 

EPRI Studies. Except for a char gasification test in Spain (5), EPRI has not sponsored any studies specifically for the K-T technology. Published economic analyses for the K-T gasifier appear in two Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) studies of fuel gas from coal (6,8). 

Perch-Nielsen (1973) Perch-Nielsen, K. Fossil coccohths as indicators of late Cretaceous chalk used in Mediaeval Art Oldsaksamlingens Arbok (1973) 161-169 Perez et al. (1999) Perez, F.R. Edwards, H.G.M. Rivas, A. Drummond, L. Fourier transform Raman spectroscopic characterization of pigments in the mediaeval frescoes at Convento de la Peregrina, Sahagun, Leon, Spain Part 1 Preliminary Study Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 30 (1999) 301-305 Perez-Llano (1944) Perez-Llano, G.A. Lichens, their biological and economic significance The Botanical Review 10 1 (1944) 1-65... 

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