Empirical content

One of the classical topics of pharmaceutical economics, the price elasticity of demand when there is co-payment or shared financing between the insurer and the user, is addressed by Cruz-Roche20 with some calculations on this elasticity. The same topic is developed by Puig-Junoy,21 applied to the Spanish case. This study includes a review of the international literature with empirical content, a detailed description of co-payment in Spain, its regulation since 1978, the main data and estimates of the effect of the switching of prescriptions from the employed to pensioners, and the price elasticity of demand (which is found to be small). 

Paradoxicality. There is a loss of all empirical content in an empty unity which is at the same time full and complete. ... 

Rather than examine the propositions within the hypothesis for possible empirical content, I offer a short digression on the nature of the hypothesis, as formulated in the phrase Everything is everywhere, but the environment selects. ... 

If the hypothesis under scrutiny does not transcend background knowledge at least to some degree (i.e., if (h) = (b)) then its relative empirical content, relative to the unproblematic, (i.e., accepted background knowledge) is zero (Popper, 1973 49), which must affect severity... 

Lockean Inquiiy System (Portland and Tiuoff, 2002) postulates that the truth content of a system being observed is associated entirely with its empirical content. A model of a system is an empirical model and the trath of the model is measiued in terms of its ability to reduce every complex proposition to its simple empirical referents. The validity of each of the referents is assured by means of the widesprearL freely obtained agreement between different observers. The accuracy of the model is not dependant on the prior assumption of aity theory. The data iiput is not only prior to the formal model or theory sector but it is separate from it as well. The whole of the Lockean Inquiry System is built up from the data input ... 

The reference step is needed for the evaluation of the empirical content determination ... 

---