Economic optimization results

Gammagraphic weld inspection in the lower range of steel thicknesses has been done with Iridium and Ytterbium isotope sources throughout the past. The large majority of applications has been using Iridium due to the unfavourable economical parameters of Ytterbium, obviously with non-optimal results at thin wall inspections. 

There are no general rules allowing selection of the correct y value. The correct selection is a result of technico-economical optimization however, for a first guess y can be set to y = 1.02. 

Finally, optimization means dealing with time and other improvements spanning the overall process. Optimizing the speed of the analysis is obvious, but optimizing resolution can improve the process as well (as we will see later). An economic optimization of individual analyses will result in time improvements throughout the process because it will liberate resources for other tasks. 

In general, reagent-based selection is much faster and more convenient to execute in the laboratory as compared with the product-based selection. On the other hand, the latter strategy usually provides more accurate results. There exists a potential to combine both approaches to achieve more optimal results, particularly in the case of large exploratory virtual combinatorial libraries, for which mass random synthesis and screening are not economically feasible. In this article, we demonstrated the usefulness of property-based approach for selection of optimal GPCR ligands. 

Research on the synthesis of economically optimal heat exchanger networks (HENs) has been performed for over 15 years (Nishida et al., 1981). As a result of this research, two general conclusions have emerged (1) the optimum network generally features minimum or close to minimum utility consumption, and (2) the optimum network generally has a mini-... 

The choice of an industrial solvent results from a compromise between these different properties and an economic optimization of the technology used for the process. 

These results show that in solid-liquid systems increases only modestly with power dissipation. For example, a 20% increase in N increases P by 73%, but by only 12%. In conclusion, at agitation speeds below Njs, increases significantly with AT (as shown in Fig. 9), primarily because the solids exposed surface area increases with N, as more particles become suspended.f Above Njs, the value of a, = AjVi is constant and increases only modestly with N [Eqs. (15), (16), and (18)]. In many cases, operating slightly above Njs is economically optimal. 

ABSTRACT The Dutch government is in the process of revising its national flood safety policy. The current Dutch Flood Defense Act lays down design standards for the Dutch flood defenses. These standards have been based on/rationahzed by economic optimizations in which investment costs are balanced against the discounted value of (potential) future losses. Loss of life is not considered separately. This paper presents the results of a research project that evaluated the potential roles of two risk metrics individual and societal risk. These metrics are already used in the in the Dutch major hazards pohcy for the evaluation of risks to the public. Individual risk concerns the annual probabihty of death of an average, unprotected person. Societal risk concerns the probability of a multi-fatality event. This paper discusses technical aspects of the use of individual and societal risk metrics in flood risk management, as well as policy implications. 

We will discuss three basic forms of contract under which the engineer may work, and some of the consequences in terms of how work should be conducted and its effectiveness judged. The first is the lumpsum turnkey job, in which the contractor has total responsibility to build a plant that complies with a specification, within an agreed time-frame. This is in many ways the least frustrating way to work, because the contractor is free to choose his approach to the work, and how to structure and optimize his inputs to arrive at the most economic end result, consistent with technical acceptability and completion schedule. 

In the circuit the stationary action principle is observed. (Note that for the stationary processes the work can be multiplied by any given time without change of optimization result and for negligibly small time periods applied in our analysis the processes are always stationary). At the imposed constraints the maximum work of motive forces is done most economically. Since the fluid temperature takes a minimal value, the heat that is not caused by the work performed does not appear and the extra energy is not dissipated as well as in the case of isolated system degradation. 

This experiment of applying MOPSO algorithm in solar cell industry case set up 500 iterations to obtain the optimal solution. Table 1 demonstrates the single optimization results and Pareto optimization results in which the decreasing carbon emission will cause the higher cost that can be observed. The Pareto results will need more 0.52 % cost, and in addition, the environmental model will need more 2.16 % cost to obtain the economic optimal. Figure 5 shows the Pareto optimal... 

In the past, three criteria for risk acceptance were developed (a) the personal acceptance of risks, (b) the social acceptance, and (c) the economic criterion. The personally accepted risk level is defined as the frequency of suffering a certain degree of injury as a result of an event, accepted by an individual. The social risk concerns the risks for the total population. Society looks at the total consequence of an event, including the number of casualties, material and economic damage, and the loss of immaterial [matters]. Generally, the consideration of social consequences in the case of safety problems is limited to the number of casualties as a result of an event. More often, the social consequence is considered the total material damage. This definition is more suitable for an economic optimization of the risk level to be... 

The kinetics of the reaction and the properties of the catalyst, especially the thermal stability, will further narrow the range of possible reaction conditions and define a "window" of possible operating parameters. Process optimization, energy efficiency, and safety aspects will then determine at what conditions within the "window" the reactor should operate to give the optimum result. And then mathematical models are used to determine how big the reactor must be to obtain the performance (conversion and pressure drop) determined by the process optimization. Instrumentation is then considered, proper materials of construction are selected, catalyst loading and unloading is considered, possible transport limitations are determined, workshop manufacture is considered, and at last the design of the reactor is completed. The procedure is, of course, iterative since the reactor cost is one of the parameters in the economical optimization, but, as mentioned above, often a factor of minor importance for the overall result. 

The optimized parameters of the thermodynamic cycle, resulting in improvements of the plant efficiency (generation of steam with economically optimal parameters) ... 

The definition of target rehabdity levels for a considered limit state depends on the physical consequence (and, thus, the sodo-economical consequence) of structural malfunction. This leads directly to the rationale of cost-benefit analysis, Ditlevsen (1997). Recommendations concerning the target reliability are provided in several international standards, as a result of experience, calibration and economical optimization, Vrouwenvelder (2002). 

Detailed results are provided by Boccara (2014). Representative results of the analysis are plotted in Figure 4 that shows the reliability index yS as a function of the length / for different values of (0.2,0.3, 0.4) with fixed V g = 0.3 and Vq = 0.3 the vertical dash-point line indicates l. Note that for simplicity of computations the mean values of C and Q given in Table 6 are kept independent of the relevant coefficients of variation. This approximation has a minor effect on the results of economic optimization. 

Table 7 provides the main results of the economic optimization—optimal lengths / p, and corresponding annual rehability indices P for different cost ratios Cj / Q. 

As indicated in Section 20.1 and Fig. 20.9, the MFC calculations at each control execution time are typically performed in two steps. First, the optimum set points (or targets) for the control calculations are determined. Then, a set of M control moves are generated by the control calculations, and the first move is implemented. In practical applications, significant economic benefits result from both types of calculations, but the steady-state optimization is usually more important. In this section, the set-point calculations are described in more detail. 

Optimism about economic growth in the period 1960—1975 led to a large number of reactor orders. Many of these were canceled even after partial completion in the period after the 1974 oil crisis, as the result of a reduction in energy demand. Inflation, high interest rates, long constmction periods, and regulatory delays resulted in severe cost overmns. Moreover, the reactor accidents of TMI and, later, Chernobyl produced an atmosphere of pubHc concern. 

Plant Operation and Costs. The operation and economics of the three United States gaseous diffusion plants miming ia 1972 is discussed ia References 29 and 30. These plants were operated as a single gaseous diffusion complex such that iaterplant shipments occurred so as to optimize the overall system. Independent operation of the plants would have resulted ia about a 1% loss ia separative work. 

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