Total response

Fig. 4. Chromatograms of Russian coriander oil injected into a serially configured gc /ir /ms ( a) total ion chromatogram (TIC) (b) total response...

The technical review team should rank each proposal for total responsiveness, quality and completeness without cost consideration. Can deficiencies be corrected ... 

The total response of the system is always the sum of the transient and steady-state eomponents. Figure 3.1 shows the transient and steady-state periods of time response. Differenees between the input funetion X[ t) (in this ease a ramp funetion) and system response Xo t) are ealled transient errors during the transient period, and steady-state errors during the steady-state period. One of the major objeetives of eontrol system design is to minimize these errors. 

Time constant The time required for a dynamic component, such as a sensor, t(t reach 63.2% of the total response to a change in its input. 

The typical viscoelastic response, as shown in Fig. 2.18, is the propagation of a shock due to the compression, followed by a relaxation to an equilibrium state. The relaxation response is a significant part of the total response. Relaxation times are typically in the 0.1 /is regime. At pressures over about 2 GPa, PMMA shows a change in relaxation time which may be indicative of mechanical failure. Anderson has recently extended this work to other polymers and found similar strong viscoelastic behavior [92A01]. 

FIGURE 11.13 A collection of 10 responses (ordinates) to a compound resulting from exposure of a biological preparation to 10 concentrations of the compound (abscissae, log scale). The dotted line indicates the mean total response of all of the concentrations. The sigmoidal curve indicates the best fit of a four-parameter logistic function to the data points. The data were fit to Emax = 5.2, n = 1, EC5o = 0.4 pM, and basal = 0.3. The value for F is 9.1, df=6, 10. This shows that the fit to the complex model is statistically preferred (the fit to the sigmoidal curve is indicated). 

At first these effects of activators may appear complicated, requiring multiple factors to explain the total response, but reference to the kinetic model for channel gating (Figure 2) clarifies the complexity. Activators may produce spontaneous opening... 

B is the total response of the unknown concentration of analyte plus added chemical standard ... 

The two terminal groups, R and R, are in most cases totally responsible for the chirality of carotenoids, which can thus be further classified into the three categories homodichiral, with two identical end groups, of symmetry C2 heterodichiral, with two different end groups or monochiral, with one chiral and one achiral terminal group. Naturally, the chiral terminal groups are responsible for the CD of these molecules, a subject which... 

I spent a lot of time wrestling with that one. One day, I recalled an ingenious way of combining measurements developed by two researchers, Drs. Pincus and Hoagland, while studying hormonal function in schizophrenic patients. No single measure set schizophrenics apart from normal patients, so they cooked up a kind of statistical stew, using lymphocyte counts and potassium levels instead of carrots and potatoes. They called it the TRI (Total Response Index). 

By using a number of different changes they created a weighted index that they called the Total Response Index (TRI), finding it to be more useful than any single measure as a reflection of overall response magnitude. 

Particnlarly interesting is the case when the second electrode reaction reqnires lower energy than the first one, i.e., R2 is more easily oxidized than Ri. In this case the total response consists of a single peak. The exact shape and position of this peak and its forward and reverse components reflect the relative contribntions of the redox conples Ri/Oi and R2/O2 over a narrow range of potentials dictated by the oxidation of Ri. As a conseqnence, the response due to Ri/Oi masks the response... 

The concept is illustrated in Figure 3.3 for data point seven of the example in Section 3.1. The total response (32.57) can be thought of as consisting of two parts - the contribution from the mean (32.53) and that part contributed by a deviation from the mean (0.04). Similarly, data point five of the same data set can be viewed as being made up of the mean response (32.53) and a deviation from the mean (-0.05), which add up to give the observed response (32.48). The residuals for the whole data set are shown in Figure 3.4. The set of residuals has n-1 degrees of freedom [Youden (1951)]. 

I met a girl who had this trait in every "y". She had been to the altar twice and the groom stood her up, both times. Now you could say, "Bad choice in grooms." True. But why did she choose those men Remember, successful and happy people take total responsibility for their own lives. If it happens once, take notice. If it happens twice, it s a pattern. At some subconscious level, this bride wanted to fail. She wanted to sabotage her own success. I couldn t t imagine why until I heard her mother s response. After the second groom stood her up at the alter, her parents took her on an "all expense paid trip to Europe."... 

The components of the third-order nonlinear susceptibility relevant to the CARS process are conveniently subdivided into two terms vibrationally resonant (X, ) and vibrationally nonresonant (Xnr) components. The total response of the material depends on the sum of these two terms ... 

The total pyroelectric response at constant pressure (or stress) is the sum of two contributions. Primary pyroelectricity, which is due to changes in the magnitude of the dipole oscillation with temperature, accounts for only about 9% of the total response of the crystal at 300 K. The remaining overwhelming contribution is due to secondary pyroelectricity—the coupling of the piezoelectric response and thermal expansion. 

If each normal mode is equally weighted in the total response, equations identical in form to (2.18) and (2.19) also hold for the cubic array since the connection between x and v obtains regardless of dimensionality. Here, g(v) — g3 (v) may be approximated by the familiar Debye equation ... 

---