Economic Cycles

To save energy, many HVAC systems employ a mechanism for regulating the flow of outdoor air called an economizer cycle. An economizer cycle takes advantage of milder outdoor conditions to increase the outside air intake and in the process reduces the cooling load on the system. Controlling the rate of flow of outdoor air appears simple, in theory, but often works poorly m practice. The small pressure drop required to control the flow rate of outdoor air is rarely controlled and monitored. Quite often, the damper system used to regulate the airflow is nonfunctional, disconnected from the damper actuators, or casually adjusted by building operators (Institute of Medicine, 2000). 

Hybrid cooling plants may use a number of different technologies to provide cooling. These technologies include electric chillers, absorption chillers, engine-drive and/or dual-drive chillers, thermal storage systems and the use of a water-side economizer cycle. Most of these seek to pro-... 

Water-side economizers used in areas with low wet bulb temperatures, especially when the use of an air-side economizer cycle is not feasible. One problem that must be considered is the change-over from economizer operation to chiller operation since the low condenser water temperature can affect the operation of the chiller. The use of a water-side economizer also affects the cooling tower since there are collateral benefits in providing a larger cooling tower. 

Long-term economic cycles and the influence of transport... 

Money, available for example through special project budgets or savings on existing budgets which can be used to buy in extra resources or staff help, is perhaps the most advantageous of all the sources of freedom. However, it is a source that tends to come and go with economic cycles and changing buoyancy of revenues. In my own personal experience, when money is available to buy help, creativity and innovation flourish. 

Model Studies. The spectrum of writing on the subject is broad as typified by Takayama, Professor of Economics at Purdue, who, in his Behavior of the Firm Under Regulatory Control, (7) reduced and modeled the problem to 26 equations. Model studies, unfortunately are not convincing. Those who labor to produce them do so in a lonely world at the present time. As yet, the complex question of human nature, emerging technology, economic cycles and national security mitigates against the modeler s credibility. 

Nature resource potential, which characterizes the natural resources of the country either currently used in the economic cycle or yet to be mastered with available technologies and socio-economic relations. 

They have to contend with overall economic cycles, which drive acceleration and deceleration of demand growth and customer stocking and destocking behavior, as well as upsets such as the 1997-98 Asia crisis. 

Our research has shown that attempts to successfully time investment decisions to the cycle - not only the chemical industry s but broader economic cycles - are extremely difficult (Butler, P. et al.), and that other tactics such as maintaining advantages in cost and operational excellence across all functions provide a surer return. 

Although still in their infancy and still to really prove their worth through the ups and downs of the economic cycle, there is no doubt that virtual companies are here to stay, and will take their place among the variety of companies that make up the speciality chemical and pharmaceutical areas of the industry. 

The membrane process is favored when new plants are built. But amalgam plants have economic cycle lives of 40- 60 years. So, some amalgam plants will survive 20 or more future years, especially those, which produce special chemicals such as KOH, alcoholates, dithionites, and others (see Sect. 5.2.37.3). 

During the last 40 years, industrial and technological development has greatly increased, mainly due to the development of the world economic status and the population increase. These factors result in increased demand for more materials—and increased wastes. The production and utilization of materials follow a certain life cycle, which is determined by the economic trends prevailing in that certain period. Industrialized, developed countries mostly determine the market trends and consumption rules, as well as the economic cycle of products. 

Finally, Table 19 shows that from 1994, when 32,000 persons were in full-time activation, the number increased to over 77,000 persons in 2002 and fell again to 44,000 persons in 2005. These ups and downs in the number of activated people can in part be explained by changes in the policies and their implementation, and in part by the economic cycle. 

DuPont s commitment to sustainable development begins with a strong leadership commitment to stay the course through economic cycles, to set stretch goals for each decade and to drive innovation. Specific 2010 goals for energy are to... 

If you introduce preferred habitats, then real yields cease to clear in a completely global market between financing needs and savings. Domestic drivers can influence real yield differences—different fiscal positions, different stages of the economic cycle, and so on. 

Hartwig, Robert R, Ronald C. Retterath, Tanya E. Restrepo, and William J. Kahley. 1997. Workers Compensation and Economic Cycles A Longitudinal Approach. Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society 84(161) 660-700. 

Economic - Cycle times in some cases shorter — Higher raw material price than for... 

Today s supply chain responds. It does not sense. It is a response based on internal data with no market sensing. If markets are stable, this is not a problem. However, if conditions are volatile—increases in competition, changing commodity prices, or significant changes in consumer confidence/economic cycles—this is problematic. 

As already noted, the exact term of a mortgage-backed bond cannot be stated with assurance at the time of issue, because of the uncertainty connected with the speed of mortgage prepayments. As a result, it is not possible to analyze these bonds using the same methods as for fixed-coupon bonds. The most common approach is to assume a fixed prepayment rate—recognizing that, in reality, it will fluctuate with changes in mortgage rates and the economic cycle—and use this to project the bond s cash flows and thus its life span. The prepayment rate selected obviously is very important. This section considers some of the ways the rate is arrived at. 

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