Economic and Regulatory Considerations

The general perception among environmental professionals is that electrochemical remediation is very costly. However, one must understand the site conditions where electrochemical remediation is applied and the other potential competitive technologies applicable for the same site conditions. As noted earlier, electrochemical remediation is applicable to difficult sites where low-permeability and heterogeneous soils and/or complex contaminants exist. Many conventional remediation technologies are not even applicable for such site conditions. Therefore, cost comparison is often made with the option of excavation and disposal of hazardous waste. 

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Shah J. Economic and regulatory considerations in pharmacogenomics for drug licensing and healthcare. Nat Biotechnol 2003 21 747-753. 

Cunningham SD and Berti WR (2000) Phytoextraction and phytoremediation technical, economic, and regulatory consideration of the soil-lead issue. In Terry N and Banuelos G, eds. Phytoremediation of contaminated soils and water, pp. 359-376. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 

Great progress was achieved in the past decades regarding the development of mammalian cell culture technology [2,34,98-102]. Nevertheless, the design and layout of cultivation systems and bioreactors have to meet cell-specific demands due to the special characteristics of these cells. Selection of a suitable type of cell culture bioreactor system and/or an appropriate operation mode (batch, fed-batch, or perfusion) is affected by technical, biological, economical, and regulatory considerations. 

Risk assessment is a process by which regulatory and scientihc principles are applied in a systematic fashion in order to describe the hazard associated with human exposure to chemical substances. The information provided by a risk assessment may then be used to regulate the use of the substance, or may not, depending on political, social, economic, and technical considerations in the process of risk management. 

For a number of years, economic and safety considerations have driven the substitution of solvent-based formulations with aqueous systems in all industrial sectors, and the process has recently received a further impetus from the regulatory activity of the European Union to limit the release of volatile organic compounds in the environment. 

Decision-making process involving considerations of political, social, economic, and technical factors with relevant risk assessment information relating to a hazard so as to develop, analyze, and compare regulatory and non-regulatory options and to select and implement appropriate regulatory response to that hazard. 

Comprehensive costing procedure (CCP). The economic procedure includes not only the traditional capital and operating costs but also peripheral costs such as liability, regulatory related expenses, borrowing power, and social considerations. 

In conclusion, it is certainly possible to develop commercial processes based on pyrol-ysis-hydrocracking/cracking. But it must be noted that the viability of this two-stage conversion technique depends on process economics and future regulatory considerations. 

Risk man- The process of evaluating and selecting alterative regulatory and non-agement - regulatory responses to risk. The selection process necessarily requires the consideration of legal, economic, and behavioral factors. 

This book covers the following topics in surfactant-enhanced soil flushing application to remedial action, selection criteria, Implementation, economics, mathematical modeling of surfactant flushing, case studies, regulatory aspects, health and environmental considerations. 

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