Social validity

For Marx the value-form is expressed in monetary prices. Labour-time embodied in use-values can only be socially validated as value when as commodities they are sold for money. Money is the form in which commodities appear as exchange-values in the market place. In their exposition of this value-form approach, Reuten and Wiliams (1989 53) conclude, In bourgeois society...labour and the products of labour are thus socially recognized as useful only by assuming the form of value money. ... 

Thus the sum of value expressed in a particular commodity cannot be identified with the quantity of labour embodied in it, for the concept of value refers to the socially necessary labour-time embodied, to abstract rather than to concrete labour, and this quantity can only be established when private labours are socially validated through the circulation of commodities and of capital (original emphasis).7... 

The embodied labour values represent the total (direct and indirect) labourtime required to produce each unit of physical output. These embodied labour values have to be socially validated in their value-form as money. By setting prices equal to values, the embodied labour magnitude and the money value-form are assumed to be identical. 

What is more, these equally valid ways of defining value are consistent with a macroeconomic interpretation of the autonomous role of money. Since under the Kalecki principle capitalists earn what they spend, the social validation of the market, led by capitalist investment and consumption, is the starting point for economic activity. Commodities are only produced, labour is only employed, if capitalists cast into circulation the money required for sales to be realized - for labour embodied in commodities to become socially necessary. Since money, with its specific role in a capitalist economy, is so central to the Kalecki principle, a possible synthesis can be suggested with the value-form approach without, that is, compromising the use of a Leontief/Keynesian multiplier framework together with embodied labour categories. 

Social validity. We must consider one final type of validity when evaluating a safety intervention. It comes from researchers and practitioners in behavior-based psychology (Baer et al., 1968) and refers essentially to practical significance. It includes using rating scales, interviews, or focus-group discussions to assess... 

It is critical to obtain social validity evaluations from the actual recipients of the program or intervention, as illustrated in Figure 18.8. 

A comprehensive evaluation of an intervention s social validity is more complex than it seems, as I reviewed in a lengthy monograph on social validity (Geller, 1991). There are many perspectives on what makes intervention goals socially significant, procedures socially appropriate, and results socially important. Plus, there are various ways to assess the social validity of an intervention, from unobtrusive behavioral observation to surveys of reactions from those involved in the process. 

Figure 18,8 Social validity assessment should target the recipients of an intervention.

Meaningless numbers also limit the dissemination potential and large-scale applicability of an intervention. This is the social validity of the dissemination stage of the process. Next, I want to address confusing characteristics of statistical analysis that reduce social validity as it pertains to large-scale acceptance and application of an intervention process. 

When 1 received this data, I immediately calculated the buckle-up percentages of 79, 91,95, and 97 across the four check periods, respectively. My extensive personal history of examining safety-belt use percentages had conditioned me to do this. After completing these calculations and obtaining results I could compare with prior results, 1 realized the display of raw numbers Morgan sent me was, in fact, tire most complete and clear way to share the results. Often the simplest approach to an evaluation process has the most social validity, from a dissemination perspective. 

Geller, E. S., Ed., Social Validity Multiple Perspectives, Monograph Number 5, Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, Inc, Lawrence, KS, 1991. 

Hawkins, R. R, Is social validity what we are interested in Argument for a functional approach,... 

Schwartz, I. S. and Baer, D. M., Social validity assessments is current practice state of the art ,... 

Wolf, M. M., Social validity the case for subjective measurement or how behavior analysis is finding its heart, /. Appl. Behav. Anal, 11, 203, 1978. 

Principle 50 Statistical analysis often adds confusion and misimderstanding to evaluation results, thereby reducing social validity. 

Enabling readers to share each individual post on social channels expands your reach and increases social validation of your site. But what is social validation and why is it important ... 

Sponsored stories are a perfect example of leveraging the fact that people are more likely to engage with a company their friends are engaging with. It s called social validation. 

Take a look at a promoted tweet that landed in my timeline from Salesforce in Figure 9-19 to promote their upcoming conference, Dreamforce. Notice that it has a similar formula to the previous Microsoft tweet. Also note that it says Promoted by Salesforce.com, so 1 know that it s a paid tweet. It also shows me who among my followers follows Salesforce. Again, it s some of that ol social validation in action. 

For intervention strategies to be effective, they should be based upon empirical research demonstrating their efficacy and they should have strong social validity. 

The research literature is limited in informing practitioners about efficacious, socially valid, and culturally responsive approaches to programming for children from diverse backgrounds (Hughes, 2000). To address this gap between science and practice, school mental health professionals need to learn methods of partnering with stakeholders in the school and community to develop and evaluate programs of intervention and prevention (Nastasi et al., 2000). 

Christopher, J. S., Hansen, D. J., MacMillan, V. M. (1991). Effectiveness of a peer-helper intervention to increase children s social interactions Generalization, maintenance, and social validation. Behavior Modification, 15(1), 22-50. 

Tlsdelle, D. A., St. Lawrence, J. S. (1988). Adolescent interpersonal problem-solving skill training Social validation and generalization. Behavior Therapy, 19,171-182. 

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