Early immunity

Elloso, M.M. and Scott, P., Expression and contribution of B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86) in the early immune response to Leishmania major infection, J. Immunol., 162, 6708, 1999. 

An important consequence of this early immune response is the recruitment of... 

Fig. 11.7. Pattern of immune responses of an oncosphere of a taeniid cestode (e.g. Echinococcus granulosus) during initial penetration of the hatched oncosphere (initiating early immunity ) and its subsequent migration to, and establishment in, its definitive site, where it is subject to late immunity . The exact site of hatching (in man) is unknown most eggs probably hatch in the upper duodenum.

Animal models suggest that both genetic and environmental factors are important in co-morbidity, and of particular interest is the way in which environmental factors can modify genetic susceptibility. Thus, non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice develop thyroiditis and sialo-adenitis in addition to autoimmune diabetes (Skarstein et al., 1995). This expression of autoimmune disorders is modified by the degree of microbial contamination of the environment (Rossini et al., 1995) and by early life exposure to filarial worms (Imai et al., 2001). In both cases, early immune stimulation leads to lower incidence of diabetes, showing how genetic susceptibility to multiple autoimmune disorders may be disguised by environmental factors. 

Drela N, Zesko I. Gender-related early immune changes in mice exposed to airborne suspended matter. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2003 25 101-121. 

In the guinea pig TRPV1-positive nerve fibers are locahzed within the epithelium of the trachea and around smooth muscle and blood vessels and within the lower airways, in the vicinity of bronchi and bronchioles, and around alveolar tissue, whereas no TRPV 1 was found within airway epithelial cells (Watanabe et al. 2005). The physiological relevance of TRPVl mRNA expression, together with that of other ion channels in bronchial epithehal cells (Agopyan et al. 2003), remains questionable. Similarly, expression of TRPV 1 in dendritic cells (Basu and Srivastava, 2005) and the associated hypothesis that TRPV 1 orchestrates an early immune response has been challenged by failure to detect any functional TRPV 1 in these inflammatory cells (O Connell et al. 2005). We cannot exclude that in the airways, as in other tissues, TRPV 1 occurs in extraneuronal cells, from where it may contribute to homeostasis, inflammation, and ultimately the regulation of the tussive response. However, we underline that this hypothesis lacks conclusive experimental proof. 

A number of reports indicate that neutrophils express cytokines as preformed stores without the need for prior microbial stimulation. In particular, lL-12, lL-6, and MlP-2 appear to be present in mouse neutrophils in the absence of infection [60-62], and IL-4 has been reported in PMN from normal human donors [63], This has important implications for the relative role of PMN as a significant source of cytokines during the early immune response to microbial infection. 

When tetramisole is given one day before virus, stimulation of Ts cells and the release of SIRS may well have outweighted the antiviral effects of IFN released by the levamisole. Consequently, early immune clearance of the virus infection was compromised even though IFN was present to stimulate increased natural killer cell activity. z... 

Another method to colocalize potent APCs with tumor antigens and T cells is to use genes that encode the chemoattractants for these cells. For example, secondary lymphoid chemokine (SLC), normally expressed in high endothelial venules and in T-cell zones of spleen and lymph nodes, strongly attracts naive T cells and DCs, colocalizing these early immune response constituents and cul-... 

CAiPANG CMA, HffiONO I, AOKi T. Modulation of the early immune response against viruses by a teleostean interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1). Comp Biochem Physiol A 2009,152,440-446. 

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