EADIs

Aquaculturists may elect to purchase animals for stocking or maintain their own broodstock and hatchery. The decision may rest on such factors as the availabihty and cost of fry fish, post-larval fish, oyster spat, or other eady life history stages in the location selected for the aquaculture venture. 

Furfural was first isolated in the eady nineteenth century. Dobereiner is credited with the discovery. He obtained a small amount of a yellow "oil" (too Htde to characterize) as a by-product in the preparation of formic acid (8). Other chemists found that the same "oil" having a charactedstic aroma could be obtained by boiling finely divided vegetable materials such as oats, com, sawdust, bran, etc, with aqueous sulfuric acid or other acids (9,10). The oil was present in the Hquid resulting from condensation of the vapors produced during heating. The empirical formula was determined by Stenhouse... 

DNQ—novolac resist chemistry has proved to have remarkable dexibiUty and extendibiUty. First introduced for printing appHcations, DNQ—novolac resists have been available since the eady 1960s in formulations intended for electronics appHcations. At present, most semiconductor manufacturing processes employ this resist chemistry. Careful contemporary research and engineering support the continuing refinement of this family of materials. 

The term microemulsion was introduced by Schulman, who studied surfactant solutions as eady as 1943 (22). At that time it was widely accepted that "oil and water do not mix," and Schulman understood that an emulsion scatters light because it contains droplets whose diameters are large compared to the wavelength of light (see Emulsions). Thus, the term y /mJemulsion implies a system which (like an emulsion) contains droplets of oil or water, but in which the droplets are too small to scatter light. 

Copper acetate, ferrous acetate, silver acetate [563-63-3] basic aluminum acetate, nickel acetate [373-02-4] cobalt acetate, and other acetate salts have been reported to furnish anhydride when heated. In principle, these acetates could be obtained from low concentration acetic acid. CompHcations of soHds processing and the scarcity of knowledge about these thermolyses make industrial development of this process expensive. In the eady 1930s, Soviet investigators discovered the reaction of dinitrogen tetroxide [10544-72-6] and sodium acetate [127-09-3] to form anhydride ... 

Acrylates are primarily used to prepare emulsion and solution polymers. The emulsion polymerization process provides high yields of polymers in a form suitable for a variety of appHcations. Acrylate polymer emulsions were first used as coatings for leather in the eady 1930s and have found wide utiHty as coatings, finishes, and binders for leather, textiles, and paper. Acrylate emulsions are used in the preparation of both interior and exterior paints, door poHshes, and adhesives. Solution polymers of acrylates, frequentiy with minor concentrations of other monomers, are employed in the preparation of industrial coatings. Polymers of acryHc acid can be used as superabsorbents in disposable diapers, as well as in formulation of superior, reduced-phosphate-level detergents. 

Similarly, anthranHic acid (28) has been suggested as a reasonable precursor and some eady labeling studies have been carried out showing that dictamnine [484-29-7] (135), C22H2NO2, from Dictamnus albus and skimminanine [83-95-4] (136), C24H23NO4, from Skimmiajaponica incorporate anthranHic acid in a nonrandom fashion (96,97). 

In the eady 1980s, the process was commercialized in New Zealand to convert offshore natural gas to 2200 m /day (14,000 barrels/day) gasoline. Since then some of the methanol has been diverted from fuel production to chemical-grade methanol production by a dding additional methanol refining capacity. 

Often the aldehyde is hydrogenated to the corresponding alcohol. In general, addition of carbon monoxide to a substrate is referred to as carbonylation, but when the substrate is an olefin it is also known as hydroformylation. The eady work on the 0x0 synthesis was done with cobalt hydrocarbonyl complexes, but in 1976 a low pressure rhodium-cataly2ed process was commerciali2ed that gave greater selectivity to linear aldehydes and fewer coproducts. 

Both American Enka (87) and Courtaulds set up pilot-plant work in the eady 1980s with the objectives of developing fiber spinning and solvent... 

Although the use of simple diluents and adulterants almost certainly predates recorded history, the use of fillers to modify the properties of a composition can be traced as far back as eady Roman times, when artisans used ground marble in lime plaster, frescoes, and po22olanic mortar. The use of fillers in paper and paper coatings made its appearance in the mid-nineteenth century. Functional fillers, which introduce new properties into a composition rather than modify pre-existing properties, were commercially developed eady in the twentieth century when Goodrich added carbon black to mbber and Baekeland formulated phenol— formaldehyde plastics with wood dour. 

Eady pottery is rather simple, having Httie surface decoration. Pyrotechnology was comparatively undeveloped and pottery was fired at relatively low temperatures. As kilns became available and were in turn further perfected, higher firing temperatures became attainable, resulting in harder, stronger wares. 

Miscellaneous Applications. CeUular plastics have been used for display and novelty pieces from their eady development. Polystyrene foam combines ease of fabrication with lightweight, attractive appearance, and low cost to make it a favorite in these uses. PhenoHc foam has its principal use in doral displays. Its abiHty to hold large amounts of water for extended periods is used to preserve cut dowers. CeUular poly(vinyl chloride) is used in toys and athletic goods, where its toughness and ease of fabrication into intricate shapes have been valuable. 

History. Methods for the fractionation of plasma were developed as a contribution to the U.S. war effort in the 1940s (2). Following pubHcation of a seminal treatise on the physical chemistry of proteins (3), a research group was estabUshed which was subsequendy commissioned to develop a blood volume expander for the treatment of military casualties. Process methods were developed for the preparation of a stable, physiologically acceptable solution of alburnin [103218-45-7] the principal osmotic protein in blood. Eady preparations, derived from equine and bovine plasma, caused allergic reactions when tested in humans and were replaced by products obtained from human plasma (4). Process studies were stiU being carried out in the pilot-plant laboratory at Harvard in December 1941 when the small supply of experimental product was mshed to Hawaii to treat casualties at the U.S. naval base at Pead Harbor. On January 5, 1942 the decision was made to embark on large-scale manufacture at a number of U.S. pharmaceutical plants (4,5). 

The eady juice industry was largely a salvage operation. The principal source of raw material was misshapen, poorly colored, or skin blemished fmit unsuitable for the fresh, canned, or frozen fmit market. In the 1990s, raw materials are selected for suitabiUty for juice production, except for apple juice production which still uses much cull fmit (4). 

Municipal Solid Waste. In the eady 1990s, the need to dispose of municipal soHd waste (MSW) ia U.S. cities has created a biofuels industry because there is Htde or no other recourse (107). Landfills and garbage dumps are being phased out ia many communities. Combustion of MSW, ie, mass-bum systems, and RDF, ie, refuse-derived fuel, has become an estabhshed waste disposal—energy recovery industry. 

In the classical normal pressure synthesis (16), higher hydrocarbons are produced by net reactions similar to those observed in the eady 1900s, but at temperatures below the level at which methane is formed ... 

In 1976, Ashland Od (Ashland Synthetic Fuels, Inc.) was awarded the prime contract to constmct a 540 t/d H-coal pdot plant adjacent to its refinery at Cadettsburg, Kentucky, by an industry—government underwriting consortium. Constmction was completed in 1980 (112). The pdot-plant operation ended in eady 1983. 

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