Juice industry

The eady juice industry was largely a salvage operation. The principal source of raw material was misshapen, poorly colored, or skin blemished fmit unsuitable for the fresh, canned, or frozen fmit market. In the 1990s, raw materials are selected for suitabiUty for juice production, except for apple juice production which still uses much cull fmit (4). 

The main renewable resource for L-carvone is spearmint oil (Mentha spicata), which contains up to 75% of this flavour chemical. There also exists a synthetic process for the manufacturing of L-carvone, which is based on (-t)-limonene, which is available as a by-product of the citrus juice industry as a major component of orange peel oil (Scheme 13.4). The synthesis was developed in the nineteenth century and starts with the reaction of (-t)-limonene and nitrosyl chloride, which ensures the asymmetry of the ring. Treatment with base of the nitrosyl chloride adduct results in elimination of hydrogen chloride and rearrangement of the nitrosyl function to an oxime. Acid treatment of the oxime finally results in l-carvone. 

Byproducts of the juice industry are important but are not dealt with here. The interested reader is referred to Fruit Processing (Arthey Ashurst, 2001). 

Stevens, J.W. and Baier W.E. (1939) Refractometric Determination of Soluble Solids on Citrus Juices, Industrial and Eng. Chem. Cal. Fruit Growers Assn., California. 11, 447-9. 

Seeram N. et al., Rapid large scale purification of ellagitannins from pomegranate husk, a by-product of the commercial juice industry, Separation Purification Technol., 41, 49, 2005. 

Integrated Membrane System for Fruit-Juices Industry... 

Integrated membrane processes are today proposed also in the dairy, food, and fruit-juices industries. 

Integrated Membrane Processes for Water Desalination 266 Integrated Membrane Process for Wastewater Treatment 271 Integrated Membrane System for Fruit-Juices Industry 274 Integrated Membrane Processes in Chemical Production 276 Conclusions 281 References 281... 

Prohibition closed down the Eastern wine industry as quickly and as firmly as it did the California industry. However, the vineyards were partially saved by the increasingly popular grape juice industry, to which Concord was suited admirably. Furthermore, a large amount of grapes were sold to home winemakers, which was legal. 

Expression is good for the top notes, e.g. in bergamot and lemon esssential s Nhlc p very volatile owing to being high in monoterpenes. Many of these would be lost in distillation because of the high temperatures. It is also a cheap method, using by-products from the juice industry. 

Polyterpene resins are related to the oldest reported polymerization, as they were first observed in 1789 by Bishop Watson by treatment of turpentine with sulfuric acid [92]. Commercial polyterpene resins are synthesized by cationic polymerization of /3- and a-pinenes extracted from turpentine, of rf,/-limonene (dipentene) derived from kraft-paper manufacture, and of d-limonene extracted from citrus peels as a by-product of juice industry [1,80,82,93]. The batch or continuous processes are similar for the three monomers. The solution polymerization is generally performed in mixed xylenes or high boiling aromatic solvent, at 30-55° C, with AlCl3-adventi-tious water initiation. The purified feedstream (72-95% purity, depending on monomer) is mixed in the reactor with solvent and powdered A1C13 (2—4 wt% with respect to monomer), and then stirred for 30-60 min. After completion of the reaction, the catalyst is deactivated by hydrolysis, and evolved HC1 is eliminated by alkaline aqueous washes. The organic solution is then dried, and the solvent is separated from the resin by distillation. 

In the fruit juice industry, separators are used primarily for removal of suspended solids. In the separator cloudy juice is subjected to a high centrifugal force, thus separating the solids from the liquid. 

Although pectic enzymes are used universally by the apple juice industry, the actual clarification mechanism has not been completely elucidated. Endo showed 186, 187) that hydrolysis of pectin, accompanied by a decrease in viscosity of the juice, is the principal step during clarification. Endo separated the clarification process into three phases a pectin fraction is solubilized viscosity decreases and previously col-... 

Pectin, a waste product of the fruit juice industry, has many applications in the food ingredients sector. It forms gels in the presence of Ca ions and its solubility is determined by its molecular weight and degree of esterification as well as solution pH and temperature. Pectin can be incorporated into jams, jellies, low calorie foods as a fat or sugar replacer, and frozen foods [85]. Found in the cell wall of all plants, concentrations are higher in the fruits rather than the rest of the plant. Some fruits contain higher amounts of pectin than others for... 

Juice extraction represents 55% (w/w) of the initial weight of oranges, whereas the essential oils and essences extracted constitute only 0.2-0.22% (Sinclair, 1984). The citrus juice industry can recover essential oils from different intermediate process steps to obtain limonene or crude essences. In Figure 5.2, the different possibilities for obtaining essential oils with different properties are summarized (Girard and Mazza, 1998 Braddock, 1999). 

Fruit dietary fiber is the product obtained by drying the washed wet pulp (the main by-product of juice industries) that remains after fruit juice extraction. Because fruit dietary fibers contain a high level of pectins as the major water-soluble fibers, they have similar technological functions as isolated pectins (Diepenmat-Wolters, 1993)... 

Membrane processes were first used in the fruit juice industry in the middle of the 1970 s. Since that time the equipment has been constantly improved and today it has its firm place in fruit juice technology. 

Dimitriou. M., New Evaporator Type for the Fruit Juice Industry, Fllissiges Obst, 2, (1984) Florida Department of Citrus, Scientific Research Department, University of Florida -IFAS -CREC, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850-2299, Technical Manual, Florida Orange Juice (Commonly called Fresh-Squeezed Florida Orange Juice), Production/ Packaging/ Distribution. September 1987... 

Trifiro, A., Saccani, G., Gherardi, S., et al. 1997. Use of ion chromatography for monitoring microbial spoilage in the fruit juice industry. ]oumal of Chromatography A 770 243-252. 

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