Dyestuffs research

Heterocyclic Azo Dyes. One long-term aim of dyestuffs research has been to combine the brightness and high fastness properties of anthraquinone dyes with the strength and economy of azo dyes. This aim is now being realized with heterocychc azo dyes, which fall into two main groups those derived from heterocychc coupling components, and those derived from heterocychc diazo components. 

FIAT (1948). Field Information Agency Technical, German Dyestuffs and Intermediates, Final Report 1313, Vol. III. Dyestuff Research, Technical Industrial... 

Dyestuff research based mainly on aromatic amines had brought about large-scale sophisticated research in the US chemical industry. Around 1930, this enabled the rapid move into polymers, resulting at DuPont in the discovery of a successful synthetic rubber process (1930) and nylon (1935). The discovery of polythene at ICI in 1935 arose from research into synthetic dyestuffs and reactions carried out under high pressures,... 

Interest in the new drugs was considerable at ICI, in keeping with its new-found interest in diversified research. In 1936, ICI had created a Medicinals Chemicals Division as a subsection of its dyestuffs research department. The division drew on expertise in coal tar dye chemistry, as did sulphonamide studies, since the reactions used to produce dye intermediates were almost the same as those used to prepare many pharmaceutical products. This enabled ICI to make substantial contributions during World War II, again drawing on earlier German discoveries, notably the antimalarials Atebrin (Mepacrine), and Plasmoquin," ... 

After 1857 synthetic dyestuffs research, both academic and industrial, had three main objectives ... 

Consequently it is possible to distinguish between an academic or science-oriented direction, and an industrial or technology-oriented direction of research for novel dyestuffs. These two possible ways together formed the new research paradigm of the organic chemical industry. After 1890, at least, research for artificial dyestuffs was independent from academic chemistry as well as from day-to-day production work. Dyestuff research had its own institutional setting, the industrial research laboratory, its own objective, the invention of commercial successful products, and a sort of publication system, the patents. 

As early as 2500 bce m India indigo was used to dye cloth a deep blue The early Phoenicians discovered that a purple dye of great value Tyrian purple could be extracted from a Mediterranean sea snail The beauty of the color and its scarcity made purple the color of royalty The availability of dyestuffs underwent an abrupt change m 1856 when William Henry Perkin an 18 year old student accidentally discovered a simple way to prepare a deep purple dye which he called mauveme from extracts of coal tar This led to a search for other synthetic dyes and forged a permanent link between industry and chemical research... 

In spite of the rationale on which the testing of dyestuffs as antibiotics rested subsequent research re vealed that the antibacterial properties of Prontosil had nothing at all to do with its being a dye In the body Prontosil undergoes a reductive cleavage of its azo linkage to form sulfanilamide which is the sub stance actually responsible for the observed biological activity This is why Prontosil is active in vivo but not in vitro... 

Even more than the Depression, personnel changes at Du Pont radically altered Carothers ability to do basic research. The visionary Charles Stine had been promoted, and his successor was Elmer K. Bolton, the chemist who had recognized the importance of Neoprene. Bolton, a former postdoctoral student of Richard Willstatter in Germany, had helped establish Du Pont s successful synthetic dyestuff division and had participated in the decision to manufacture Midgley s tetraethyl lead. Bolton believed fervently in applied research and had opposed Stine s original proposal for a basic research program at Du Pont. Bolton quickly ended Purity Hall s special status. 

This combine was the old American I. G. Chemical Corporation. From 230 Park Avenue, New York City, its main office governed five subsidiaries, all producing marvels of modem chemistry. They were the Ozalid Corporation of Johnson City, the General Dyestuffs Company, the old Hudson River Color Works, the Agfa-Ansco factory which manufactured cameras and films, and a research plant in Pennsylvania. 

Used in industry as a chemical intermediate for dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals, rubber chemicals, flotation agents, insecticides, and plasticizers used as a water-soluble reducing agent and reagent in biochemical research. 

Uses Explosives dyestuffs biochemical research synthesis of drugs preparation of 9,10-phen-anthrenequinone, 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene, 9-bromophenanthrene, 9,10-dibromo-9,10-dihydro-phenanthrene, and many other organic compounds. 

IARC. 1982. lARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans Some industrial chemicals and dyestuffs. Vol. 29. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. 

Gopalan, R., et al. Treatment and disposal of effluents from pharmaceutical and dyestuff industries in Baroda. Proceedings of the Symposium on Environmental Pollution, Central Public Health Engineering Research Institute, Zonal Laboratory, 1973 88-94. 

The nitration of aromatic hydrocarbons is one of the most widely studied and well-documented reactions in organic chemistry. Aromatic nitro compounds are of huge industrial importance in the synthesis of pharmaceutical drugs, agrochemicals, polymers, solvents and perfumes, and for the synthesis of other industrially important chemicals containing amine and isocyanate functionality. However, early research into aromatic nitration was fuelled exclusively by their use as explosives and intermediates in the synthesis of dyestuffs. The former is the subject of this chapter. 

I ARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, Vol 29, Some industrial chemicals and dyestuffe, pp 93-148. Lyon, International Agency for Research on Cancer, May 1982... 

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