Cadmium bioaccumulation

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A number of environmental issues have received widespread publicity (Table 7.1), from major accidents at plants (e.g., Seveso and Bhopal) to the global and regional impacts associated with energy utilization (e.g., carbon dioxide, acid rain, and photochemical oxidants), the improper disposal of chemical waste (e.g., Love Canal and Times Beach), and chemicals that have dispersed and bioaccumulated affecting wildlife (e.g., PCBs and DDT) and human health (e.g., cadmium, mercury, and asbestos). 

Hadjispyreu S, Kungeles A, Anagncstcpeules A (2001) Toxicity, bioaccumulation, and interactive effects ef organotin, cadmium, and chromium on Artemia franciscana. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 49 179-186. 

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Phetsombat, S., Kruatrachue, M., Pokethitiyook, P., and Upatham, S., Toxicity and bioaccumulation of cadmium and lead in Salvinia cucullata, Journal of Environmental Biology, 27 (4), 645-652, 2006. 

Piol, M.N., L6pez, A.G., Mino, L.A., Afonso, M.D.S., and Guerrero, N.R.V., The impact of particle-bound cadmium on bioavailability and bioaccumulation A pragmatic approach, Environ Sci Technol,... 

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Cope, W.G., J.G. Wiener, and G.J. Atchison. 1994. Hepatic cadmium, metal-binding proteins and bioaccumulation in bluegills exposed to aqueous cadmium. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13 553-562. 

Devi, V.U. 1996. Bioaccumulation and metabolic effects of cadmium on marine fouling dressinid bivalve, Mytilopsis sallei (Rccluz). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 31 47-53. 

Nebeker, A.V., G.S. Schuytema, and S.L. Ott. 1995. Effects of cadmium on growth and bioaccumulation in the northwestern salamander Ambystoma gracile. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 29 492-499. 

Spehar, R.L., R.L. Anderson, and J.T. Fiandt. 1978. Toxicity and bioaccumulation of cadmium and lead in aquatic invertebrates. Environ. Pollut. 15 195-208. 

Ahsanullah, M. and A.R. Williams. 1991. Sublethal effects and bioaccumulation of cadmium, chromium, copper and zinc in the marine amphipod Allorchestes compressa. Mar. Biol. 108 59-65. 

Devineau, J. and C. Amiard Triquet 1985. Patterns of bioaccumulation of an essential trace element (zinc) and a pollutant metal (cadmium) in larvae of the prawn Palaemon serratus. Mar. Biol. 86 139-143. Dib, A., J.P Clavel, and J.P. Carreau. 1989. Effects of gamma-linolenic acid supplementation on lipid composition of liver microsomal membranes. I. Pregnant rats fed a zinc-deficient diet and those fed a balanced one. Jour. Clin. Biochem. Nutr. 6 95-102. 

Winner, R.W. and J.D. Gauss. 1986. Relationship between chronic toxicity and bioaccumulation of copper, cadmium and zinc as affected by water hardness and humic acid. Aquat. Toxicol. 8 149-161. 

Maeda, S., Mizoguchi, M., Ohki, A. and Takeshita, T. (1990) Bioaccumulation of zinc and cadmium in freshwater alga, Chlorella vulgaris. Part I. Toxicity and accumulation, Chemosphere, 21, 953-963. 

Cadmium is found naturally deep in the subsurface in zinc, lead, and copper ores, in coal, shales, and other fossil fuels it also is released during volcanic activity. These deposits can serve as sources to ground and surface waters, especially when in contact with soft, acidic waters. Chloride, nitrate, and sulfate salts of cadmium are soluble, and sorption to soils is pH-dependent (increasing with alkalinity). Cadmium found in association with carbonate minerals, precipitated as stable solid compounds, or coprecipitated with hydrous iron oxides is less likely to be mobilized by resuspension of sediments or biological activity. Cadmium absorbed to mineral surfaces (e.g., clay) or organic materials is more easily bioaccumulated or released in a dissolved state when sediments are disturbed, such as during flooding. 

Metals frequently occurring in the state s waste streams include cadmium, chromium, lead, arsenic, zinc, copper, barium, nickel, antimony, beryllium, mercury, vanadium, cobalt, silver, and selenium. These metals are toxic to humans and other organisms, are persistent in the environment, and can bioaccumulate in food chains. They are typically used by businesses in many industrial categories, as shown in Table 2.1-1. 

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