Drugs ephedrine

Several other 8-hydroxynitrosamines have been or are likely to be found in environmental samples. Among these are N-nitroso-3-hydroxypyrrolidine X (l ) (found in bacon), N-nitrosobis(2-hy-droxypropyl)amine XI (a potent pancreatic carcinogen in hamsters, the amino progenitor of which is used in many of the same applications as diethanolamine) (16), and the N-nitroso derivatives of the common drugs ephedrine XII (17) and ethambutol XIII (18), both of which have been shown to be carcinogenic. 

As an example, the drug ephedrine is widely used in cold and allergy medications. Ephedrine melts at 79 °C, has an unpleasant fishy odor, and is oxidized by air to undesirable products. Ephedrine hydrochloride melts at 217 °C, does not oxidize easily, and has virtually no odor. Obviously, the hydrochloride salt is preferable for compounding medications. 

Ephedra. Ephedras are leafless bushes that grow in deserts throughout the world. They are related to pine trees and bear tiny cones. Several species contain the drug ephedrine, a stimulant and a remedy for asthma. American ephedra, found throughout the western United States, is known as Mormon tea because early... 

COMPLEMENTARY DRUG ephedrine (in spinal anaesthesia during delivery to prevent h5Lpotension)... 

Noradrenaline is synthesised and stored in adrenergic nerve terminals and can be released from these stores by stimulating the nerve or by drugs (ephedrine, amfetamine). These noradrenaline stores may be replenished by i.v. infusion of noradrenaline, and abolished by reserpine or by cutting the sympathetic neuron. 

For example, ephedrine erythro-(S) and pseudoephedrinethreo-(5)have the same substitution pattern and two asymmetric centers, so there are four possible stereoisomers. The drug ephedrine is a mixture of the erythro enantiomers (li ,2S) and (1S,2R) the threo pair... 

A molecule with two nonidentical asymmetric centers can exist as four stereoisomers (i.e., as two different racemates). Enantiomers from either of the racemates cannot exist in a mirror-image relationship. Such enantiomers are referred to as diastereoisomers, which are illustrated by the drug ephedrine. 

In 6, we show mescaline, a hallucinogenic drug. The structural similarity of mescaline to the iimate drugs is apparent (in the Retouches, you can find related drugs ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and methamphetamine). It raises thoughts about the reality of emotions, independently of their unique molecular effectors. 

This class of drugs acts presynaptically. There are a number of compounds which fall into this category including the very ancient drug ephedrine through to more recent drags... 

To avoid the difficulty of variation in alkaloidal content liable to occur in commercial Ephedra a proposal.has been made in India for the manufacture of a standardised extract representing 5 per cent, of the weight of the crude drug and containing 18 to 20 per cent, of the total alkaloids. Both in India and China experimental extraction of ephedrine has been started. ... 

Omission of the side chain hydroxyl group from molecules based on epinephrine or ephedrine does not abolish the sympathomimetic activity of the resulting compounds. Many of these agents exert a considerable stimulant action on the central nervous system. As such, drugs in this class have been widely used—and... 

It has been proposed that aziridines may be more widespread in biological systems than is generally realized [190]. Many drugs such as ephedrine (124 Scheme 11.18) and pronethalol (125) and endogenous metabolites such as adrenaline (126) contain a P-aminoalcohol moiety, which may act as a precursor to an aziridine metabolite that may explain the known carcinogenicity of some of these compounds such as pronethalol. 

The EVA warns the public not to take ephedrine-contain-ing dietary supplements with labels that portray the products as an alternative to illegal street drugs such as Ebsta because these products may pose serious health risks to consumers... 

Additive sympathomimetic effects may develop when decongestants are administered with other sympathomimetic drug s (see Chap. 22). Use of the nasal decongestants with the MAOIs may cause hypertensive crisis. Use of a decongestant with beta-adrenergic blocking dragp may cause hypertension or bradycardia. When ephedrine is administered with theophylline, the patient is at increased risk for theophylline toxicity. 

Ephedrine is the principal active ingredient in the herb ephedra, or ma huang. It is similar in form to the appetite-control drug phenylpropanolamine (banned in the United States), which is also known as norephedrine, meaning ephedrine whose methyl group has been replaced by a hydrogen. 

Due to its effect as a stimulant on the heart and central nervous system, ephedrine can cause heart problems, stroke, and other medical complications (including death). For this reason, there has been pressure to regulate or ban it in the United States, as was done with similar drugs. 

Co-administration of ofloxacin and chitosan in eyedrops increased the bioavailabUity of the antibiotic [290]. Trimethyl chitosan was more effective because of its solubility (plain chitosan precipitates at the pH of the tear fluid). On the other hand, N-carboxymethyl chitosan did not enhance the corneal permeability nevertheless it mediated zero-order ofloxacin absorption, leading to a time-constant effective antibiotic concentration [291]. Also W,0-carboxymethyl chitosan is suitable as an excipient in ophthalmic formulations to improve the retention and the bioavailability of drugs such as pilocarpine, timolol maleate, neomycin sulfate, and ephedrine. Most of the drugs are sensitive to pH, and the composition should have an acidic pH, to enhance stability of the drug. The delivery should be made through an anion exchange resin that adjusts the pH at around 7 [292]. Chitosan solutions do not lend themselves to thermal sterilization. A chitosan suspension, however. 

The main problems with early, irreversible MAOIs were adverse interactions with other drugs (notably sympathomimetics, such as ephedrine, phenylpropanolamine and tricyclic antidepressants) and the infamous "cheese reaction". The cheese reaction is a consequence of accumulation of the dietary and trace amine, tyramine, in noradrenergic neurons when MAO is inhibited. Tyramine, which is found in cheese and certain other foods (particularly fermented food products and dried meats), is normally metabolised by MAO in the gut wall and liver and so little ever reaches the systemic circulation. MAOIs, by inactivating this enzymic shield, enable tyramine to reach the bloodstream and eventually to be taken up by the monoamine transporters on serotonergic and noradrenergic neurons. Fike amphetamine, tyramine reduces the pH gradient across the vesicle membrane which, in turn, causes the vesicular transporter to fail. Transmitter that leaks out of the vesicles into the neuronal cytosol cannot be metabolised because... 

Figure 3 presents the mean levels of self-infusion for the 14 phenylethyl-amines shown in figure 1. Of all the drugs tested, injection rates were... 

In a summary of the human abuse literature on anorectic phenylethylamines, Griffiths et al. (1979) found there was a good correlation between the results of self-administration studies in animals and information about the subjective effects and abuse in man. Specifically, amphetamine, diethyl-propion, and phenmetrazine have been associated with numerous clinical case reports involving abuse, and these three compounds as well as benz-phetamine and /-ephedrine have shown similar subjective effects in drug abuser populations (Griffiths et al. 1979). In addition, fenfluramine was associated with low incidence of abuse in humans and did not maintain self-injection responding in animals. Chlorphentermine was similarly associated with low incidence of abuse in man, but did not maintain selfinjection uniformly in animals (Griffiths et al. 1979). 

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