Vector DNA

Kneuer, C., Sameti, M., Bakowsky, U., Schiestel, T., Schirra, H., Schmidt, H., and Lehr, C.M., Surface modified silica-nanoparticles can enhance transfection in vitro a novel class of non-viral DNA vectors, Bioconjugate Chemistry, 2000, 11, 926-932. 

Carlisle RC, Bettinger T, Ogris M, Hale S, Mautner V, Seymour LW (2001) Adenovirus hexon protein enhances nuclear delivery and increases transgene expression of polyethy-lenimine/plasmid DNA vectors. Mol Ther 4 473 183... 

Agrobacterium-mQdi iQd DNA transfer technique and direct gene transfer into protoplasts on the basis of the electroporation technique have frequently been used for the gene transfer methods in plants. However, these methods were hardly adapted to monocotyledonous plants or to varieties in which regeneration system was not established. These deficiencies found in gene transfer techniques will be largely overcome if pollen could be used as a DNA vector. 

DNA vectors are special types of DNA that help in transferring foreign DNA into a cell, replicating that DNA once it is transferred, and expressing the gene(s) on that DNA. 

Tripathy, S.K., Svensson, E.C., Black, H.B., Goldwasser, E., Margalith, M., Hobart, P.M. et al. (1996) Long-term expression of erythropoietin in the systemic circulation of mice after intramuscular injection of a plasmid DNA vector. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93, 10876-10880. 

Wickstrom, E. (1998) Clinical Trials of Genetic Therapy with Antisense DNA and DNA Vectors. Marcel Dekker, New York. 

Bello-Roufai, M. and Midoux, P. (2001) Histidylated polylysine as DNA vector elevation of the imidazole protonation and reduced cellular uptake without change in the polyfection efficiency of serum stabilized negative polyplexes. Bioconjug. Chem., 12, 92-99. 

Collins, L., Sawyer, G.J., Zhang, X.-H., Gustafsson, K. and Fabre, J.W. (2000) In vitro investigation of factors important for the delivery of an integrin-targeted nonviral DNA vector in organ transplantation. Transplantation, 69, 1168-1176. 

A range of different vaccine vectors has been developed over time to provoke an immune response within the body [127,142], However, it has only been comparatively recently that they have been applied to inducing mucosal immunity within the uterovaginal tract. The general vector platforms that have been used include attenuated viruses, live viruses, commensal bacteria, DNA vectors, and protein subunit/peptide or virus-like particles (Table 21.9). The choice of vector is dependent on a number of factors such as the pathogenic virus and bacterial type and the length of duration of immunity required. 

H. Schreier, and S. M. Sawyer. Liposomal DNA vectors for cystic fibrosis gene therapy. Current applications, limitations, and future directions, Adv. Drug Del. Rev. 79 73-87 (1996). 

Pharmacokinetic aspects on the cellular, organ, and whole-body level should be considered for the development of sophisticated vectors, with physico-chemical properties of the DNA-vector complex (e. g., charge, size) being mainly responsible for the destiny of the gene delivery system in a biological organism [25]. 

Examples of the products that can be obtained through the processes include DNA vectors, such as plasmids, viruses, bacteriophages and cosmids synthetic genes transformed human viruses (e.g. the Epstein-Barr virus) transformed bacterial cells containing specific properties animal and plant cells and bacteria mAbs, tissue cells regulatory proteins such as human insulin, interferons and human growth hormones and transgenic plants and animals. 

An alternative method for introducing a plasmid DNA vector is to use liposomes. As they are composed of aqueous vesicles surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer, liposomes allow encapsulation and transportation of many substances, both hydrophilic and lipophilic, along with the plasmid. Liposomes also allow molecules such as antibodies, proteins, and sugars to be incorporated into their surface, to target them to specific sites. Due to the structural versatility shown by these systems, the chances of effective transfection may be increased by changes in the lipid composition, which may alter the superficial charge or the vesicle size (Bramwell and Perrie, 2005). Cationic liposomes have wide applications in gene transfection. 

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