Distillation alcohol production using

The distilled alcohol product mixture was also esterified by refluxing with glacial acetic acid in the presence of a catalytic amount of sulfuric acid. The product was extracted with water followed by extraction with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. It was further washed with water and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The crude ester was distilled, and the distillate was stored for further use. The percent yield of esters was 86%. The mixed ester was determined by GC to be composed of (1.3%) methyl acetate, (1.3%) ethyl acetate, (11.5%) n-propyl acetate, (81.7%) isobutyl acetate, (1.2%) 2-methy 1-1-butyl acetate, and (1.9%) other components. The composition corresponded closely to that of the parent alcohol mixture. The fuel characteristics of the alcohol mixture and the ester mixture prepared from it were reported earlier (24). 

There is also evidence of practical interest in matter such as Kautilya s Arthasastra, which described the production of salt from the sea and the collection of shells, diamonds, pearls, and corals. There is also archeological evidence of alcohol production using the Gandhara stills, which date to between 150 b.c.e. and 150 c.E. These were possibly the earliest alcohol stills and certainly provide the earliest evidence of mass production of distilled alcohol. The production of alcohol was an example of the transformation of matter, and the properties of alcohol, such as its flammability, seemed to suggest that it was closer to its basic nature than the material from which it was... 

Acetone in conjunction with benzene as a solvent is widely employed. With cyclohexanone as the hydrogen acceptor, coupled with toluene or xylene as solvent, the use of higher reaction temperatures is possible and consequently the reaction time is considerably reduced furthermore, the excess of cyclohexanone can be easily separated from the reaction product by steam distillation. At least 0 25 mol of alkoxide per mol of alcohol is used however, since an excess of alkoxide has no detrimental effect 1 to 3 mols of aluminium alkoxide is recommended, particularly as water, either present in the reagents or formed during secondary reactions, will remove an equivalent quantity of the reagent. In the oxidation of steroids 50-200 mols of acetone or 10-20 mols of cyclohexanone are generally employed. 

Sasol Fischer-Tropsch Process. 1-Propanol is one of the products from Sasol s Fischer-Tropsch process (7). Coal (qv) is gasified ia Lurgi reactors to produce synthesis gas (H2/CO). After separation from gas Hquids and purification, the synthesis gas is fed iato the Sasol Synthol plant where it is entrained with a powdered iron-based catalyst within the fluid-bed reactors. The exothermic Fischer-Tropsch reaction produces a mixture of hydrocarbons (qv) and oxygenates. The condensation products from the process consist of hydrocarbon Hquids and an aqueous stream that contains a mixture of ketones (qv) and alcohols. The ketones and alcohols are recovered and most of the alcohols are used for the blending of high octane gasoline. Some of the alcohol streams are further purified by distillation to yield pure 1-propanol and ethanol ia a multiunit plant, which has a total capacity of 25,000-30,000 t/yr (see Coal conversion processes, gasification). 

Various species and many strains oiyAcetobacter are used in vinegar production (48,49). Aeration rates, optimum temperatures and nutrient requirements vary with individual strains. In general, fermentation alcohol substrates require minimal nutrient supplementation whde their addition is necessary for distilled alcohol substrates. 

Irish Whiskey. Irish whiskeys are blends of grain and malt spirits three or more years of age that are produced in either the RepubHc of Ireland or Northern Ireland and comply with the respective laws regulating their manufacture. Since no peat is used in the malting process, Irish whiskey lacks the smokey character of Scotch. In the manufacturing process, the malt is soaked in water and milled to produce the wort. The fermentation usually takes about 60 hours. The first distillation in a pot stiU yields a 22—23% alcohol product. A second pot stiU distiUation produces a product that is 45—46% alcohol. This is foUowed by a third distiUation in another pot stiU to yield the Irish whiskey of about 68—70% alcohol. 

Dehydration The growing use of isopropanol as a clean-rinse fluid in microelectronics produces significant quantities of an 8.5-90 percent isopropanol waste. Removing the water and trace contan ii-nants is required before the alcohol can be reused. Pervaporation produces a 99.99 percent alcohol product in one step. It is subsequently polished to remove metals and organics. In Europe, dehydration or ethanol is the largest pei vaporation application. For the very large ethanol plants typical of the United States, pei vaporation is not competitive with thermally integrated distillation. 

The product mixture contains essentially oxygenated compounds (acids, alcohols, esters, aldehydes, ketones, etc.). As many as 13 distillation columns are used to separate the complex mixture. The number of products could he reduced hy recycling most of them to extinction. 

Freshly distilled decahydronaphthalene was used. With the more easily reduced halides, and where the boiling point of the neutral reduction product was close to that of decahydronaptha-lene, an excess of 2-propanol was used as the reaction medium. Other hydrocarbons and secondary or tertiary alcohols may be employed for convenience in particular reductions. Diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran were not found to be generally suitable media. 

Polyhydric Alcohols. (Polyols). An alcohol with three or more hydroxyl groups, each attached to a different carbon atom. They are w-sol and of sweetish taste, which tends to intensify with increasing hydroxyl content. Examples of polyols of ordn interest are listed below. Polyvinyl alcohol is considered in a separate entry as a polymer although it is defined as a polyhydric alcohol. Polyols, when nitrated, make excellent expls, proplnt binders, plasticizers, etc. Prepn can follow the procedure of Lenth DuPuis (Ref 3) which uses a methanol suspension of either sucrose or dextrose and a special Cu-Al oxide catalyst to yield 60-65% distillable polyols at 240° and 1500psi Refs 1) Beil — refs found under individual compds 2) CA, under Alcohols, Polyhydric for compds of current ordn interest 3) C.W. Lenth R.N. DuPuis, "Polyhydric Alcohol Production by Hydrogenolysis of Sugars in the Presence of Copper-Aluminum Oxide , IEC 37, 152-57 (1945) CA 39, 1391 (1945)... 

When the word alcohol is used alone, it refers to ethanol, the alcohol found in wine, beer, and distilled spirits. Ethanol is used as a fast-drying solvent in many products, especially cosmetics and hairsprays. 

In the hydroformylation of lower alkenes using a modified cobalt catalyst complex separation is achieved by distillation. The ligands are high-boiling so that they remain with the heavy ends when these are removed from the alcohol product. Distillation is not possible when higher alcohols or aldehydes are produced, because of decomposition of the catalyst ligands at the higher temperatures required. Rhodium complexes can usually also be removed by distillation, since these complexes are relatively stable. 

The ester is liable to explode during distillation unless thoroughly dry allyl alcohol is used for the preparation, and if more than 60% of the product is distilled over. Acid-catalysed polymerisation is probably involved. 

A 1-1., three-necked, round-bottomed flask equipped with a Trubore stirrer, a pressure-equalizing dropping funnel, and a reflux condenser with a drying tube is charged with 350 ml. of acetonitrile (Note 1) and 106.4 g. (0.41 mole) of triphenylphos-phine (Note 2). The flask is cooled in an ice-water bath (Note 3), and 64 g. (0.40 mole) of bromine is added dropwise over a period of ca. 15-20 minutes (Notes 4 and 5). The ice-water bath is removed, and a solution of 54 g. (0.40 mole) of cinnamyl alcohol in 50 mi. of acetonitrile is added in portions over a period of 5-10 minutes with continued stirring (Note 6). The solvent is removed by distillation with the use of a water aspirator (30-40 mm.) and an oil bath until the bath temperature reaches 120°. The water aspirator is replaced by a vacuum pump and the water-cooled condenser with an air condenser, and the distillation is continued with rapid stirring (Notes 7, 8, and 9). Most of the product (Note 10) distills at 91-98° (2-4 mm.), and about 59 g. of product crystallizes in the receiving flask (63-75% yield) (Note 11). 

Solvent evaporation in a rotary evaporator afforded the amino alcohol product (4.14g, 90% yield). The purity of the crude product is high enough to be used in the catalysis experiments, but it can be purified further by vacuum distillation in a Kugelrohr [90-100 °C, 0.030-0.035 mbar] cooling the recipient flask with dry ice (84% yield from the amino ester, as white needles). 

At present, there is one main commercial application of pervaporation, the production of high purity alcohol by a hybrid process which also incorporates distillation. Such separations use cellulose-acetate-based composite-membranes, with an active layer of polyvinyl alcohol, for example. Membrane fluxes are in the range 0.45-2.2 kg/m2 h. Pervaporation... 

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