Neutral reduction

Nonaqueous Bases Nonaqueous Nucleophiles Organometallic Catalytic Reduction Acidic Reduction Basic or Neutral Reduction Hydride Reduction Lewis Acids Soft Acids Radical Addition Oxidizing Agents... 

Freshly distilled decahydronaphthalene was used. With the more easily reduced halides, and where the boiling point of the neutral reduction product was close to that of decahydronaptha-lene, an excess of 2-propanol was used as the reaction medium. Other hydrocarbons and secondary or tertiary alcohols may be employed for convenience in particular reductions. Diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran were not found to be generally suitable media. 

The most simple way of preparing sodium caprolactam consists in dissolving the sodium metal in molten caprolactam. Although the solutions thus obtained are capable to induce a rapid polymerization, we meet with complications arising from the presence of reduction products formed such as hexamethyleneimine (53,69,80,81) and 6-aminohexanol (59,69). These by-products affect the course of the subsequent polymerization as they react with the active centers. The ratio neutralization/reduction in the alkali metal reaction with caprolactam depends strongly on the temperature. According to Hamann (41) and Yumoto (101) the reduction reaction takes place to 75% and 10—20% respectively. In order to suppress the reduction it is recommended to maintain the temperature during the dissolution of the sodium metal below 100° (42). 

Reduction with iron and water, with the addition of small amounts of acid (hydrochloric, sulfuric, or acetic acid, and occasionally mixtures of these). This neutral reduction method of Bechamp-Brimmeyr can be carried out oiJy with certain kinds of iron, notably gray-iron casting, which must always be tested pre. viously to establish its usabiL ty. In general, other kinds of iron are twt usable (many examples have been given). 

It may also be obtained by alkaline or neutral reduction of the derivatives of hydroxymercuri-p-nitrobenzoic acid. ... 

These studies showed that azelaic half aldehyde (IV), an intermediate product, is usually obtained in some quantity by decomposition of oleic acid ozonide. Reductive decomposition of the ozonide was then tried to preserve both aldehyde groups. Sodium sulfite as the reducing agent gave the first successful result. Azelaic half aldoxime (VI) could then be easily obtained from azelaic half aldehyde (IV) and hydroxylamine. Finally, co-aminononanoic acid (VII) was obtained by neutral reduction of azelaic half aldoxime (VI). 

In more technical terms, vitamin C has a relatively neutral reduction potential it donates electrons to strong oxidants, rather than thrusting them onto weak oxidants, so does not interfere with normal workings of the cell. 

The notion of reduction is independent of the notion of physicalism at least in this respect It is conceptually possible that (a version of) reductionism is true, and that physicalism is false. Possession of any richer concept of reduction, that combines metaphysically neutral reduction with physicalism, requires possession of the topic-neutral concept. So, we should not define our general notion of reduction in terms of physicalism. The notion covers a specific dependence relation that is neutral with respect to what actually forms the fundamental stuff. Physicalism is a doctrine about what the fundamental stuff is. Thus, these two issues have to be kept separate. The concept of reduction is not metaphysically neutral in the sense that reductionism goes together with metaphysical commitment realism suits the reductionist as conceived of here. So, what is the precise connection between scientific realism and reductionism ... 

Maintaining a neutral reduction half-cell (right cathode compartment). As Cu " ions change to Cu atoms, Na" ions move from the salt bridge into the electrolyte solution (and some S04 ions move from the solution into the salt bridge). 

The four methods commonly used utilize hole waU epoxy or dielectric oxidation, neutralization-reduction, and glass etching. Three of the four common methods employ technology that... 

Polymethylhydrosiloxane in combination with bis(dibutylacetoxytin) oxide or palladium-on-carbon has been introduced for selective neutral reductions. ... 

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