Disposal methods United States

Production, Import/Export, Use, Release, and Disposal. Hexachloroethane is not manufactured for commercial distribution in the United States (Gordon et al. 1991 IARC 1979 Santodonato et al. 1985). However, current production as a by-product and import information are not available. Current uses of this chemical and the amounts consumed by each use, including militaiy uses, were not located. This information would be helpful in assessing potential exposure to workers and the general population. The amount of the chemical disposed of by industrial facilities was reported to EPA (TRI93 1995), but information on quantities of hexachloroethane-containing wastes disposed of by military facilities was not located. Rotary kiln or fluidized bed incineration are acceptable methods for disposal of waste containing hexachloroethane (HSDB 1995). 

No information was found in the available literature on the amounts of endrin, endrin aldehyde, or endrin ketone disposed of in the United States by any method. 

Endrin and endrin aldehyde are listed as hazardous wastes and disposal of wastes is controlled by a number of federal regulations. Past disposal methods have included landfills (EPA 1987c). Chemical treatment (reductive dechlorination) and incineration are possible disposal methods (HSDB 1995 IRPTC 1985). Existing information on disposal appears adequate. No information was found on disposal of endrin ketone however, because endrin is no longer used in the United States, current levels of endrin ketone in wastes should be minimal and additional information on disposal is not needed. 

Production, Import/Export, Use, and Release and Disposal. Currently, heptachlor use in the United States is limited to fire ant control in power transformers (EPA 1990b). However, because of former widespread use of heptachlor and the persistence of heptachlor epoxide, these compounds and their degradation products can still be found at low levels in indoor air, water, soil, and food. Disposal methods are well documented in the literature however, more current information would be useful. Information on historical disposal practices would be helpful in evaluating the potential for environmental contamination. More information on the volume of heptachlor used in fire ant control would be useful in estimating potential occupational exposure. 

Production, Import/Export, Use, Release, and Disposal. Data on the production and uses of 1,4-dichlorobenzene in the United States are available (C EN 1995 Chemical Marketing Reporter 1990 HSDB 1998 IRPTC 1985 SRI 1996 TRI96 1998). Production has increased over the past decade and is projected to increase for the next several years due to an increased demand for 1,4-dichlorobenzene to be used in the production of polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) resins. Incineration is the recommended disposal method for 1,4-dichlorobenzene (HSDB 1998 IRPTC 1985). Disposal of this compound is controlled by... 

The costs of incinerators and their pollution potential have made them far less popular in the United States than in many other parts of the world. (A form of incineration known as high temperature combustion remains a major method of waste disposal in Japan and some parts of Europe, however.) After World War II, construction of new incinerators decreased until the total number of plants in the United States fell to an all-time low of about 15 in I960. Then the number rose for two decades before declining once more to the current level of about II2 incinerators, as shown in the graph. A major factor in the latest shift away from incineration as a method of waste disposal was the 1970 Clean Air Act, which strictly limited the amount and... 

United States Patent No. 3,387,872. "Method of Making Waste. Non-Polluting and Disposable". Inventor Jesse R. Connor. September 24, 1974. 

Production, Import/Export, Use, Release, and Disposal. CDDs are not manufactured commercially in the United States except on a laboratory scale for use in chemical and toxicological research (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories 1995). They are produced as undesired by-products during the manufacture of chlorophenols (e.g., PCP and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol) and during combustion processes (IARC 1977 NTP 1989 Podoll et al. 1986). CDDs are ubiquitous in the environment and have been found at low levels (ppt or lower) in air, water, soil, sediment, and foods. Current disposal methods are efficient and are subject to EPA and state regulations. 

Waste materials such as calcium sulfite are difficult to dewater and cannot support a load. It is often desirable to stabilize such wastes before disposal. Methods for the stabilization of these materials, such as oxidation of calcium sulfite to gypsum, have been developed. In certain countries (such as W. Germany and Japan), waste materials like gypsum can be sold however, this is not generally true in the United States. 

The U.S. Army, as the executive agent for the U.S. Department of Defense, selected incineration as the preferred method of stockpile destruction for the first U.S. chemical agent disposal facility. The Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS) was located on Johnston Island, southwest of Hawaii, operated throughout the 1990s, and has since been demolished. The first disposal facility in the continental United States is the still active Tooele Chemical Agent... 

The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and other federal, state, and local government agencies in the United States may require chemical analyses to determine compliance with air quality, water quality, liquid waste discharge, solid waste disposal, and other environmental regulations. The analytical methods specified for these purposes may be methods in development, methods published by standard-setting organizations, or... 

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