Affective disorders types

The use of recombinant hematopoietic growth factors (i.e., the commercially available forms of the native products) has been evaluated in many disorders affecting all types of blood cells. Recombinant human hematopoietic growth factors are identified as rHu. Not all uses discussed have received regulatory approval in all countries. 

Outline the main types of unipolar and bipolar affective disorder, and describe their clinical symptoms. 

Dopamine has been implicated in a number of psychiatric conditions of which schizophrenia and the affective disorders are the most widely established. Five major subtypes of dopamine receptors have now been cloned. These are divided into two main groups, and D2 respectively. The receptors consist of Di and D5 types and are positively linked to the adenylate cyclase second messenger system, while the D2 group consists of the D2, D3 and D4 receptors which are negatively linked to the adenylate cyclase system. 

Mania, manic-depression and depression, which comprise the affective disorders, are relatively common it has been estimated that there is an incidence of at least 2% in most societies throughout the world. There is good evidence to suggest that genetic factors play a considerable role in predisposing a patient to an affective disorder. In a seminal Danish twin register study, in which the incidence of affective disorders was determined in all twins of the same sex born in Denmark between 1870 and 1920, a total of 110 pairs of twins were identified in which one or both had manic-depression. The concordance rates, that is the rate of coexistence of the disorder in twin pairs, for all types of affective disorder were found to be... 

Controlled and uncontrolled or open studies of the CCBs in affective illness are reviewed in Table 6-3. Initial open and blind studies of the phenyl-alkylamine L-type CCB verapamil were positive in the affective disorders, particularly in the treatment of acute mania. However, some preliminary controlled data are negative (Janicak et al. 1998) these data are highly subject to a type II error with the design used, the relatively small numbers of patients randomly selected for verapamil and placebo, and the associated relatively high placebo response rate in acute mania observed in many controlled studies... 

Kupfer 1987 Soldatos et al. 1987). However, despite these intergroup differences, a subgroup of depressed patients may actually sleep more than the control subjects (Garvey et al. 1984 Kupfer 1984 Michaelis and Hofmann 1973) this subgroup includes mainly patients with seasonal affective disorder (Rosenthal et al. 1984) and those with anergic depression of the bipolar type (Detre et al. 1972 Kupfer et al. 1972). 

Cummings JL, Miller B, Hill MA, et al Neuropsychiatric aspects of multi-infarct dementia and dementia of the Alzheimer type. Arch Neurol 44 389-393, 1987 Cundall RL, Brooks PW, Murray LG A controlled evaluation of lithium prophylaxis in affective disorders. Psychol Med 2 308-311, 1972 Cutler NR, Haxy J, Kay AD, et al Evaluation of zimeldine in Alzheimer s disease cognitive and biochemical measures. Arch Neurol 42 744-748, 1985 Czyrak A The effect of chronic nifedipine and ECS in the forced swimming test in rats. PolJ Pharmacol 45 191-195, 1993... 

As with depression in late life, mania can be divided into early onset and late-onset types. It is estimated that 5% to 10% of elderly patients with affective disorders have manic symptoms (296). Presentation tends to be more atypical, with secondary mania being a much more common phenomenon in the elderly versus younger patient population. As with the younger cohort, mania may be recurrent and disabling in some older patients. 

Another recognized type of depression is seasonal affective disorder (SAD). People in far northern or southern latitudes develop this condition in the winter, apparently from lack of sunshine needed to lower the melatonin level in the morning (see Section 13). Light therapy is beneficial.1110 Persons with the SAD syndrome also tend to crave carbohydrates and to stay in bed for 9-10 hours. 

FIGURE 5—5- Bipolar disorder is characterized by various types of episodes of affective disorder, including depression, full mania, lesser degrees of mania called hypomania, and even mixed episodes in which mania and depression seem to coincide. 

SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER (SAD) Type of depression that occurs during the fall and winter months. 

The critical pathology of mental disorders concerns the emotional state of the person. The most frequently occurring type is major depression with a prevalence of about 10% in men and 20% in woman. The typical symptoms are (1) depressed mood, (2) difficulties in concentrating, (3) loss of energy and interest and, as the most dangerous aspect, (4) thoughts and (not so rarely) commitment of suicide. Apart from these unipolar affective disorders there is a second main type with... 

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