Diseases/disorders, chronic

People who should not work with organophosphate insecticides are those with organic central nervous system disease, mental disorders, epilepsy, pronounced endocrine disorders, respiratory conditions, cardiovascular diseases, circulatory disorders, gastroenteric diseases, liver or kidney disease, and chronic conjunctivitis and keratitis (Medved and Kagan 1983). 

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a my cotoxin produced by some species of Penicillium and Aspergillus. It is nephrotoxic to all animal species tested and the causal agent of mycotoxic porcine nephropathy (Krogh, 1978). It was previously associated with the human renal disorder, Balcan endemic nephropathy (BEN), and tumours of the urinary tract (Pfohl-Leszkowicz et al., 2002). Recently, another endemic kidney disease (Tunisian chronic interstitial nephropathy, CIN) was linked to OTA-contaminated food (Creppy, 1999 Wafa et al.,... 

Perinatal disorders Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease... 

Several large studies have investigated the prevalence of both Tourette s disorder and OCD in index cases having Tourette s disease ( 161, 162). In the cases of Tourette s disorder with OCD symptoms, the age-corrected ratio is 18%, with relatives having Tourette s disorder, chronic tics, or OCD (10%). in relatives of patients that have Tourette s symptoms only, 17% have either Tourette s disorder or chronic tic disorder and 14% have OCD. Thus, the incidence of OCD in relatives is identical in index cases of those with Tourette s disorder with OCD and index cases of Tourette s disorder only. Finally, follow-up studies find that Tourette s disorder develops in a significant percentage of children with OCD (163). 

Acute and chronic viral, bacterial, microbial and parasitic infections, skin disease, metabolic disorders, chronic liver disease and kidney disease. 

Benzodiazepines also should not be taken by people who have a history of alcohol or drug abuse, stroke or other brain disorder, chronic lung disease, hyperactivity, depression or other mental illness, myasthenia gravis, sleep apnea, epilepsy, porphyria, kidney disease, or liver disease. 

Respiratory disorders (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sleep-related asthma, interstitial lung disease)... 

A defect or absence in any one of the proteins within the axoneme (e.g. dynein, nexin, etc.) results in cilia that are immotile, so called immotile-cilia syndrome. Patients suffering from this disease have chronic pulmonary disorders due to the cilia in the respiratory tract being unable to sweep out bacteria and other foreign particles. In addition, males with this genetic defect are infertile because their sperm are unable to move due to flagella inactivity. 

Infectious disorders Chronic meningitis Tuberculosis, fungal, parasitic HIV disease Tertiary syphilis Slow virus (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease) Treatment of infection... 

Anemia of chronic disease Disorders of hemoglobin synthesis... 

Inflammatory bowel disease is divided into two major gastrointestinal disorders ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn s disease. Both diseases are chronic and tend to be characterized by periods of exacerbations and remissions. Major differences between UC and Crohn s disease are differentiated by anatomic location and distribution. UC occurs in the colon and rectum, whereas Crohn s disease can occur throughout the gastrointestinal tract. UC tends to be continuous, diffuse, and mucosal Crohn s appears segmental, focal, and transmural. Fissures, strictures, abdominal masses, and pain are commonly associated with Crohn s. Classical symptoms of UC include chronic diarrhea with tenesmus, rectal bleeding, and abdominal pain. 

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus. Failure of the kidney to respond to normal or increased concentrations of AVP can cause NDI. In the majority of these patients, AVP is mcapable of stimulating cychc adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) formation. Two causes have been described for this disorder (1) mutation in the vasopressin receptor and (2) mutations in the aquaporin-2 water channels. Hie vasopressin receptor mutation form of NDI is an X-chromosome-linked disorder that mostly affects males. Females are more likely to have the aquaporin-2 water channel gene defect on chromosome 12,ql2-13, which produces an autosomal recessive disease. Acquired forms of NDI may be caused by metabolic disorders (hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and amyloidosis), drugs (hthium, demeclocycline, and barbiturates), and renal diseases (polycystic disease and chronic renal failure). NDI may also be seen in the absence of these factors (idiopathic). 

This mixed disorder often occurs in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic respiratory acidosis who are treated with salt restriction, dinretics, and possibly glncocorticoids. When diuretics are initiated, the plasma bicarbonate may increase because of increased renal bicarbonate generation and reabsorption, providing mechanisms for both generating and maintaining metabolic alkalosis. The elevated pH diminishes respiratory drive and may therefore worsen the respiratory acidosis. 

Today, EM treatment has been established as a basic treatment for DPB. Furthermore, erythromycin has been widely applied in treating chronic airway inflammatory disorders, not only in lower airway diseases (DPB, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, or bronchial asthma [31-33]) but also upper airway diseases (chronic sinusitis or exudative otitis media). Other forms of 14-membered ring macrolides, i.e., clarithromycin (CAM) [34-36] and roxithromycin (RXM) [37] have also been used for a similar purpose. 

There are numerous naturally occurring diseases of the respiratory system that may affect either the upper or lower respiratory tract. The models for some of the major respiratory disorders (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), asthma, fibrotic lung disease) will be briefly summarized. 

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