Discriminative stimulus effects

As reviewed earlier in the section on the pharmacology of ethanol, several neurotransmitter systems appear to influence the reinforcing or discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol. Although these systems appear to function interactively in their influences on drinking behavior, the medications that have been employed to treat alcohol dependence affect neurotransmitter systems relatively selectively. Consequently, these systems will be discussed individually here. 

Hundt W, Holter SM, Spanagel R Discriminative stimulus effects of glutamate release inhibitors in rats trained to discriminate ethanol. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 59 691-695, 1998... 

Quertemont E, Grant KA Role of acetaldehyde in the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 26 812—817, 2002... 

To summarize the data in table 1, neither MDMA nor MBDB has hallu-cinogen-like discriminative stimulus properties. Symmetrical transfer of the MDMA and MBDB stimulus indicates that their primary discriminative stimulus effects are very similar. For both MDMA and MBDB, there is enantioselectivity for the S isomer, with about a twofold eudismic ratio. Finally, the substitution of (- )-amphetamine and cocaine in MDMA-trained rats may indicate that MDMA has some psychostimulant-like properties, while hffiDB seems to lack this activity. 

Teal, J.J., and Holtzman, S.G. Discriminative stimulus effects of cyclazocine in the rat. J. Pharmacol Fxp Ther 212 368-376, 1980. Tempel, A. Gardner, E-L. and Zukin, R.S. Visualization of opiate receptor upregulation by light microscopy autoradiography. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81 3893-3897, 1984. 

Shannon, H.E. Discriminative stimulus effects of phencyclidine Structure-activity relationships. In Kamenka, J.M. Domino,... 

Herling, S. Solomon, R.E. and Woods, J.H. Discriminative stimulus effects of dextrorphan in pigeons. J. Pharmacol Exp Ther 227 723-731, 1983. 

Herling, S. Coale, E.H., Jr. Hein, D.S. Winger, G. and Woods, J.H. Similarity of the discriminative stimulus effects of keta-mine, cyclazocine, and dexoxadrol in the pigeon. Psvchopharma-coloav (Berlin) 73 286-291. 1981. 

Teal, J.J., and Holtzman, S.G. Discriminative stimulus effects of prototype opiate receptor agonists in monkeys. Fur J Pharmacol 68 1-10, 1980. 

The discriminative stimulus effects of PCP differ considerably from those of other drugs of abuse (Poling et al. 1979 Shannon 1981). Animals do not generalize from PCP to other drugs of... 

Among the more important series of discoveries in behavioral research with PCP are the reports that drugs chemically distinct from PCP also have PCP-like discriminative stimulus effects. 

Shannon, H.E. Discriminative stimulus effects of phencyclidine Stucture-activity relationships. In Kamenka, J.M. Domino, E.F. and Geneste, P., eds. Phencyclidine and Related Arvl -cvcl ohexami nes Present and Future Appli cati ons. Ann Arbor ... 

JH. Discriminative stimulus effects of BW373U86 a nonpeptide ligand with selectivity for delta opioid receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993 267 888-895. 

Ranaldi, R., Anderson, K.G., Carroll, F.I., Woolverton, W.L. Reinforcing and discriminative stimulus effects of RTI 111, a 3-phenyltropane analog, in rhesus monkeys interaction with methamphetamine. 

Munzar, P., Laufert, M.D., Kutkat, S.W., Novakova, J., Goldberg, S.R. Effects of various serotonin agonists, antagonists, and uptake inhibitors on the discriminative stimulus effects of methamphetamine in rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 291 239, 1999. 

Acri J., Carter S., Ailing K. et al. Assessment of cocaine-like discriminative stimulus effects of dopamine D3 receptor ligands. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 281 R7, 1995. 

Broadbent J., Gaspard T., Dworkin S. Assessment of the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine in the rat lack of interaction with opioids. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 51 379, 1995. 

Johanson, C.E., Kilbey, M., Gatchalian, K., and Tancer, M Discriminative stimulus effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in humans trained to discriminate among meta-chlorophenylpiperazine and placebo, Drug Alcohol Depend. 81, 27-36, 2006. 

Psilocin has also been the object of considerable investigation using animals as subjects. Much of the initial work with psilocin, as well as other 4-hydroxy-tryptamine derivatives with alterations in the side chain and/or terminal amine, was performed at Sandoz Laboratories in Switzerland (29,245). Subsequent investigations have shown that psilocin produces hyperthermia in rabbits (113), induces the head-twitch in mice (43), disrupts acquisition of avoidance behavior in rats (240), increases startle response magnitudes in rats (68), increases limb-flick behavior in cats (120), and produces discriminative stimulus effects in rats similar to those of 5-OMeDMT (59) (93). 

Grech DM, Balster RL. (1997). The discriminative stimulus effects of muscimol in rats. Psychopharmacoiogy (Berlin). 129(4) 339-47. 

Jones HE, Balster RL. (1998). Muscimol-like discriminative stimulus effects of GABA agonists in rats. Pharmacol Blochem Behav. 59(2) 319-26. 

Fig. 5 Dose-response curves for discriminative stimulus effects of nicotine in wild-type (filled circle) and knockout (open circle) mice trained with nicotine (0.8mg kg ), (a) shows results for 32 null mutant and control mice from Shoaib et al, (2002) whereas (b) shows corresponding results for a nuU mutants and their wild-type controls from Stolerman et al, 2004, Discriminative responding on the drug-appropriate lever is expressed as a percentage of the total numbers of responses on both levers. All data shown as means s,e,m, from 5-min extinction tests (n = 8-12). Figure 4a was published in Shoaib et al. (2002) The role of nicotinic receptor beta-2 subunits in nicotine discrimination and conditioned taste aversion. Copyright Elsevier Fig, 4b was published in Stolerman et al, (2004), The role of nicotinic receptor alpha subunits in nicotine discrimination. Copyright Elsevier...

Batman AM, Munzar P, Beardsley PM (2005) Attenuation of nicotine s discriminative stimulus effects in rats and its locomotor activity effects in mice by serotonergic 5-HT2a/2C receptor agonists. Psychopharmacology 179 393 01... 

Garcha HS, Stolerman IP (1993) Discriminative stimulus effects of the nicotine antagonist mecamylamine in rats. J Psychopharmacol 7 43-51 Garcha HS, Stolerman IP (1989) Discrimination of a drug mixture in rats role of training dose, and specificity. Behav Pharmacol 1 25-31... 

Gasior M, Shoaib M, Yasar S, Jaszyna M, Goldberg SR (1999) Acquisition of nicotine discrimination and discriminative stimulus effects of nicotine in rats chronically exposed to caffeine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 288 1053-1073... 

Le Foil B, Goldberg SR (2005) Ethanol does not affect discriminative-stimulus effects of nicotine in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 519 96-102... 

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