Discovery research characterization

The chemical elements are the building blocks of nature. All substances are combinations of these elements. There are (as of 2005) 113 known chemical elements with the heaviest naturally occurring element being uranium (Z = 92). The 22 heaviest chemical elements, the transuranium elements, are manmade. The story of their synthesis, their properties, their impact on chemistry and physics, and their importance to society is fascinating. This story is of particular importance to nuclear chemistry because most of our knowledge of these elements and their properties comes from the work of nuclear chemists, and such work continues to be a major area of nuclear chemical research. One of us (GTS) has been intimately involved in the discovery and characterization of these transuranium elements. 

The LTQ-FT mass spectrometer was introduced in late 2003 and, as expected, the main application discussed in the literature is for the analysis of proteins and peptides (Johnson et al., 2004 Syka et al., 2004). A recent book chapter (van der Greef et al., 2004) and a review article (Brown et al., 2005) discussed the application of the LTQ-FT to metabolomics. FTMS applications to dmg metabolism are still very new and dmg discovery research laboratories which have recently purchased the instmment are still in the process of developing and validating methods and approaches. A recent publication describes the depth and flexibility of the experimental setup utilizing accurate mass data-dependent exclusion MS" measurements with a LTQ-FT (Tozuka et al., 2005). We have reported several integrated approaches for determination of metabolic stability, characterization of metabolites and metabolic... 

Until the late 1960s, whereas there had been considerable interest in the transition metal complexes of natural and synthetic macrocyclic ligands (1—4), relatively few reports described complexes of alkaline earth and more particularly alkali metal cations. Research in this area was stimulated by the recognition of the importance of the biological role of Na+, K, Ca2 , and Mg2 and also the discovery and characterization of the natural antibiotic ionophores (5, 6). These macrocyclic antibiotics, such as valinomycin and nonactin, were shown to complex alkali metal cations with remarkable selectivity (7-9). 

Completed drug discovery research studies indicate that a compound, or class of compounds, mediates a disease process and has potential as human therapeutic agent. Is this lead compound now ready to be transferred from the discovery area to a preclinical development group Should additional, nondefinitive experiments be conducted to characterize more fully the properties of the lead candidate If more studies are considered necessary, what experiments should be done ... 

Not the papers that reported the discovery and characterization of the phosphohistidine, but the ones that said we thought it was an intermediate in oxidative phosphorylation. That was a learning experience. But I perhaps tend to move ahead to the next possibility more readily than many scientists do. If you want to finish off a research project, make sure that everything seems right in that area, document everything, and so forth, you may never get to the next important aspect. 

Homogeneous catalysis by coordination compounds continues to be an active and fruitful field of research. Currently important lines of research are concerned particularly with the search for and discovery of new catalytic reactions, the more detailed elucidation of the mechanisms of the many reactions which are as yet incompletely understood, and the discovery and characterization of new coordination compounds, often containing novel ligands, which are of interest as potential catalysts or catalytic intermediates, or whose study might contribute to a better understanding of related catalysts or catalytic intermediates. Recent... 

A few determined individuals in the medical and research community spent the next two decades attempting to solve the organ rejection puzzle. One of these scientists was Jean-Fran ois Borel (1933-), who worked in Switzerland for Sandoz Pharmaceuticals. He discovered the immunosuppressant agent that ultimately moved transplantation from the realm of curiosity into routine therapy. Both J. Borel and Hartmann Stahelin markedly contributed to the discovery and characterization of the biological profile of the drag. In its subsequent exploitation, Borel played a leading role. He chose to examine a weak compound that... 

Thus, you should appreciate that the chemical industry carries out organic reactions on massive quantities of maferial for use in today s highly technological society. The discovery and characterization of these materials all starts in the research laboratory, with many of them initially prepared in microscale quantities. One of fhe great triumphs of our technology has been the successful scaleup of synthetic organic reactions, but that is a story for anofher day. 

FRANK A. BOVEYs research interests center around the application of NMR spectroscopy to the study of structure, dynamics, and morphology of synthetic polymers and biopolymers. He has made major contributions to these fields, primarily through the development of techniques to determine microstructure in homopolymer and copolymer chains and in the discovery and characterization of defect structures in vinyl and related polymers. He is the head of the Polymer Chemistry Research Department at Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, N.J. 

These instrumental tools and visual workstation are just a few techniques used to characterize and measure structural and chemical properties of materials or cells cultured on them (Figure 3). Incorporating these advanced imaging techniques into our measurement toolkit allows us to translate this work into standard reference materials and methods to aid discovery, research, and regulatory issues. 

To date, researchers have identified more than 100 different molecules, composed of up to 13 atoms, in the interstellar medium [16]. Most were initially detected at microwave and (sub)millimetre frequencies, and the discoveries have reached far beyond the mere existence of molecules. Newly discovered entities such as difhise mterstellar clouds, dense (or dark) molecular clouds and giant molecular cloud complexes were characterized for the first time. Indeed, radioastronomy (which includes observations ranging from radio to submillunetre frequencies) has dramatically changed our perception of the composition of the universe. Radioastronomy has shown that most of the mass in the interstellar medium is contained in so-called dense... 

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