Semantic Differential

Gupta, U., Differential effects of caffeine on free recall ofter semantic and ryhme tasks in high and low impulsives, Psychopharmacology 105, 137-140, 1991. 

For reasons of expediency and objectivity, and particularly in the case of more extensive studies, questions are preferably submitted in writing, i.e. in some form of self-rating scale. Here one can distinguish between symptom checklists, adjective checklists, semantic differentials and visual analog scales. 

In general, standardization ol questionnaires and their items helps to simplify quantitative comparisons between individuals and conditions but simultaneously curtails each individual statement and may force it into inappropriate categories. Moreover, allocating the same weight to all the items m a questionnaire, such as all pairs of opposite toms m a semantic differential, may iron out the effects of substances and obscure mterestmg individual effects. A freely formulated description of drug action, be it m oral or written form, should therefore be included m studies of this land... 

Dr. Kamiya has attempted to explain the role of the catalyst according to Reactions 13-15, and he has attempted to differentiate between these proposed reaction steps and the simplified Reactions 3 and 4. It is not clear to me what types of structures he is trying to portray by using the empirical formulae Co2+BrH and Co3+Br". There does not seem to be any evidence for any unusual complexes in these solutions, and there does not seem to be any need to postulate them. It really becomes a matter of semantics because nobody believes that in solution Br, for example, exists as such, but it must be solvated by or coordinated with other species. Dr. Kamiya also implies that the initiation step is a direct reaction of the hydrocarbon with Co (III) ion. To my knowledge, a reaction such as this in acetic acid solution has never been demonstrated. We have shown that the reaction between cobalt (III) acetate in acetic acid and toluene is negligibly slow. It would be more likely to consider the reaction... 

In non-sleep-deprived normals, modafinil tended to improve self-rated mood during the 8 hr after 200 mg of modafinil, and affectivity (as measured with a semantic differential polarity profile) was significantly better under 200 and 400 mg of modafinil at 6 and 8 hr postdose, respectively (213). Modafinil does not have the noticeable euphoric or stimulatory effect produced by amphetamine (231). This is consistent with the results of animal studies that indicate that modafinil s reinforcing effects are weak compared to those of amphetamine (232). In fatigued subjects, modafinil increases self-reported vigor and positive mood and decreases fatigue, confusion, and negative mood (226,228). 

Flavor Profiles of Foods Added MSG. The effects of MSG on a variety of foods were qualitatively and quantitatively investigated using the Semantic Differential (9, 39). The aim of the study was to make clear how people in general, not specialists in food science, respond to the flavor changes of foods. 

Montgomery C, Fisk JE, Newcombe R, Murphy PN. The differential effects of ecstasy/polydrug use on executive components shifting, inhibition, updating and access to semantic memory. Psychopharmacology 2005 182 262-76. 

Notice that the is-disaggregated-in link is designed to support communications between objects of the same type in different contexts. In this way it is differentiated from is-composed-of. The scope of is-composed-of is restricted to objects of any type provided they are in the same context. The behavior of is-disaggregated-in is similar to that of is-composed-of with respect to the properties that it supports. This semantic link obeys the axioms of transitivity, commutativity, and merging. 

The addition of descriptive attributes and methods to each of these new modeling classes further characterizes each class. To characterize the modeling class excited-state-effects, we add attributes and methods descriptive of singled (S) and triplet (T) states. The states are refined further by energy level. For example ground states (S(,To) are differentiated from their excited states (S,T,) as well as from their higher states (S2,T2, and S3,T3). As before, we link these attributes using the semantic relationship is-attribute-of ... 

Example 3. For illustration purposes, consider the case study from Sect. 2, We now describe a scenario, which we dub semantic shift, according to which a relation in a database, which was intended for one semantic use, changes its semantic role in the organization database over the years. For example, the relation HotelCardlnforma-tion was initially designed to hold information of RoomsRUs credit cards. Over the years, the hotel chain has outsourced the management of its credit cards to an external company, and as a result, the differentiation between hotel credit cards and other credit cards became vague, and new credit cards may be inserted in some arbitrary way to the two relations Card Information and HotelCardlnformation. 

Stimuli located near one another are more similar in odor quality. Adjectives were projected through the multidimensional space by regression techniques. The numbers in parentheses reflect the correlations between the mean adjective ratings for each of the stimuli on a semantic differential scale and the projection of the stimuli on the adjective... 

VHDL-AMS, process algebra, denotational semantics, differential equations... 

Both actions take place across time (and space, in the sense of name-space), in accordance with the unmodified VHDL semantics. In the absence of any governing differential equations the semantics is exactly that of VHDL. In the presence of some differential equations, it is necessary to distinguish between different areas of the name space (see Table 1). 

The changes that have to be made in the above framework in order to accommodate VHDL-AMS are minimal. The semantics is also relational, but the system now includes a set of differential equations EqnSct. In the LRM this set of equations is considered as global, but, in order to facilitate the analysis here ... 

The adjective antonym pairs in this study were boring fun looks easy difficnlt to use looks robust fragile would look nice or terrible in my home modem traditional attractive ugly looks cheap expensive high low quahty decorative not decorative looks rehable umeliable. In the electronic version of the qnestionnaire the hst of words/terms was randomly ordered for each product to avoid bias during completion. Each respondent was asked to rate each pah of antonyms for each product on a 10-point semantic differential scale, with the opposites anchored at each end. The respondents were also asked if they would buy the dimmer switch if it was to be used on a standard (floor) lamp. Demographic... 

When one compares microemulsions and micelles, the demarcation line can become quite blurred and, in some cases, does not exist. There is some controversy as to the true definition of clear, isotropic solutions of oil, water, and surfactant (and cosurfactant if needed) as microemulsions rather than swollen micelles. Although the differences between the two systems may appear to many to be more semantic than real, several arguments have been presented that strongly support a differentiation of the two systems. 

We chose two expository texts whose content was totally different so as to be clearly differentiated Supertankers and The origins of the discovery of America . The structure of the texts was analyzed using Meyer s method [18,21], and in fact the first text was a Spanish adaptation of the one used by this and others authors in diferent investigations [17,20,23]. The second passage was adapted for the experiment from a text by Cespedes del Castillo [3]. The extracts differed in their main rhetorical relation Supertankers was an example of the problem-solution structure, and the discovery text of causation cause-consequence. Another difference between them was the lexical and semantic level - the second text was more complex and specialized. 

Brandriet, A. R., Xu, X., Bretz, S. L., Lewis, J. E. (2011). Diagnosing changes in attitude in first-year college chemistry students with a shortened version of Bauer s semantic differential. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 12, 271-278. 

The English version of ASCIv2 was used at the three universities (Bauer, 2008 Xu Lewis, 2011). The instrument is intended to measure students attitude toward chemistry in general in a 7-point semantic differential format, e.g., chemistry is easy vs. hard for item 1 and comfortable vs. uncomfortable for item 4. It includes eight items which can be grouped in two subscales intellectual accessibility (four items) and emotional satisfaction (four items). The entire instrument and instructions can fit on half a page, and it takes at most 5 min to administer. For a copy of the instrument, see the supplementary material (Xu Lewis, 2011) or contact the corresponding author directly. 

Bauer, C. (2008). Attitude towards chemistry A semantic differential instrument for assessing curriculum impacts. Journal of Chemical Education, SJ(IO), 1440-1445. 

In New Zealand, Coll, Dalgety, and Salter (2002) developed fairly broad items to measure first-year university students self-efficacy for learning chemistry. Then-revised version of the questioimaire consisted of 17 items with a 7-point semantic differential format (Dalgety et al., 2003 Dalgety Coll, 2006a, 2006b). Sample... 

Dalgety, Coll, and Jones (2003) Please indicate how confident you feel about [followed by 17 statements, e.g., applying a set of chemistry mles to different elements of the periodic table, achieving a passing grade in a chemical hazards course, tutoring another student in a first-year chemistry course ] 7-point semantic differential format with the paired adjectives not confident and totally confident ... 

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