Dietary supplements water-soluble

Ca is a comparatively difficult element for the body to absorb and digest. It is essentially only available for consumption associated with various other moieties (e.g., citrate, phosphate, and other anions). Each Ca source has unique physical, structural, and chemical properties such as mass, density, coordination chemistry, and solubility that are largely determined by the anions associated with the Ca +. Aqueous solubility of various Ca salts can vary markedly and comparisons are frequently made under standardized conditions. The water solubility of CCM is moderate when ranked versus other Ca sources frequently used as dietary supplements and food/beverage fortificants. The solubility of CCM (6 2 3 molar ratio) is 1.10-g salt in 100 ml of H2O at 25 °C (Fox et ah, 1993a). Table 6.4 lists the solubility of various Ca sources in water at specific temperatures, and also includes some information on potential sensory characteristics. 

CCM is moderately soluble in water and has higher aqueous solubility compared to a number of other Ca sources often used for food fortification and in dietary supplements. However, the Ca lactate and gluconate salts have higher solubility that conceivably may be advantageous in unique applications when a very high concentration of the Ca salt is required (e.g., concentrated syrups and/or liquid nutritional supplements). 

Anraku, M., Fujii, T., Furutani, N., Kadowaki, D., Maruyama, T., Otagiri, M., Gebidki, J. M., and Tomida, H. (2009). Antioxidant effects of a dietary supplement Reduction of indices of oxidative stress in normal subjects by water-soluble chitosan. Food Chem. Toxicol. 47, 104-109. 

The water-soluble vitamins that are required for therapeutic use or as dietary supplements are now made by synthesis, except for vitamin B12 which is produced by fermentation. 

Riboflavin. Riboflavin is used as a dietary supplement in both human food and animal feed. The yellow-orange riboflavin crystals are only sparingly soluble in water. To include riboflavin in water-soluble formula-... 

Nutrient malabsorption also occurs in the genetic disease cystic fibrosis. This disease arises from a mutation in the chloride ion transporter, and results in pancreatic insufficiency as well a.s respiratory difficulties. Treatment of the malabsorption symptoms of cystic fibrosis involves supplementation with pancreatic enzymes and synthetic water-soluble versions of the fat-soluble vitamins. The labored breathing and respiratory infections due to the disease cannot be treated by dietary intervention. 

Unconventional routes of drug administration by using gels and jellies are also being explored. Thus, two nasal jellies were developed and marketed. The intranasal vitamin B-12 gel, Nascobal (Schwarz Pharma), is used as a dietary supplement. The gel base is composed of a hydrophilic cellulose derivative, the exact nature of which is not disclosed. However, the gel is apparently odorless and non-iriitating, and adheres well to the mucous membrane. Neo-Synephrine Viscous (Sanofi Winthrop) is a water-soluble nasal jelly formulated with methylcellulose it contains the decongestant phenylephrine hydrochloride. 

Vitamin B complex is the collective term for a number of water-soluble vitamins found particularly in dairy products, cereals and liver.Vitamin B (thiamine) is used by mouth for dietary supplement purposes and by injection in emergency treatment of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is a constituent of the coenzyme FAD (flavine adenine dinucleotide) and FMN (flavine mononucleotide) and is therefore important in cellular respiration. Vitamin Be (pyridoxine) is a coenzyme for decarboxylases and transamination, and is concerned with many metabolic processes. Overdose causes peripheral neuropathy. It may be used medically for vomiting and radiation sickness and for premenstrual tension. Pyridoxine has a negative interaction with the therapeutic use of levodopa in parkinsonism by enhancing levodopa decarboxylation to dopamine in the periphery, which does not then reach the brain. The antitubercular drug isoniazid interferes with pyridoxine, and causes a deficiency leading to peripheral neuritis that may need to be corrected with dietary supplements. Vitamin B ... 

The present review indicates that while pectin products continue to serve as a well-established food additive for technological purposes, the application of pectins for health benefits has many potential opportunities. In the last few decades, considerable research has been done on the physiological effects of pectin in humans as a water-soluble dietary fiber supplement. Some novel pharmacological activities of pectins and pectic polysaccharides are gaining more attention. Although most natural pectins from fruits and vegetables have not been shown to have these activities, chemical and enzymatic modifications may provide useful tools for producing such products for human health care. 

Vitamin requirements for ESKD patients receiving dialysis differ from those of a healthy person because of dietary modifications, kidney dysfunction, and dialysis therapy. The plasma concentrations of vitamins A and E are elevated in ESKD, while those of the water-soluble vitamins (81,82,8g, 812, niacin, pantothenic acid, folic acid, biotin, and vitamin C) tend to be low in this population, in large part due to the fact that many are dialyzable. The goal for vitamin supplementation in this population should be to prevent subclinical and frank deficiency and to avoid pathology from overdosage. Special vitamin supplements have been formulated for the dialysis population, which primarily include 8 vitamins with C and folic acid. 

Cyanocobalamin, a water-soluble vitamin (25 meg p.o. daily as a dietary supplement), is indicated in vitamin Bj2 deficiency resulting from any cause except malabsorption related to pernicious anemia or other GI disease (see Figure 106). 

To help prevent vitamin D deficiency, most milk is now enriched with it. Other good sources of the vitamin are meat, poultry, fish, peanut butter, eggs, margarine, and liver, especially cod-liver oil. These sources exist in addition to the vitamin D produced naturally from exposure to sunshine. Unlike water-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin C, fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the liver and fat tissue and can become highly toxic if taken in excess. For these reasons, most nutrition experts do not generally recommend additional dietary supplements for vitamin D. Some individuals taking special medication for cholesterol, or who have dark sldn (which reduces the ability of sunshine to produce vitamin D), may require a diet rich in vitamin D or a supplement, see also Calcium Cholesterol. 

---