Dietary saturated

Interest in the health effects of anthocyanins was piqued by the French paradox in which the mortality from cardiovascular disease was lower than that predicted from the intake of dietary saturated fatty acids. The beneficial effects were greater in association with alcohol taken in the form of wine suggesting that there may be a protective effect of other components of wine. Needless to say the wine industry was pleased with this research. 

Dietary saturated fatty acids have undesirable effects on plasma lipids... 

Schouten, J. A., A. C. Beynen, C. Mulder, and H. F. Hoitsma. The effect of dietary saturated fat versus polyunsaturated fat on serum cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations in rabbits with partial ileal bypass. ZErnahrung-swiss 1984 23(2) 136-142. 

Relationship between dietary saturated tat and plasma and LDL cholesterol... 

Arachidic acid produces 134 moles of ATP/mole, whereas arachidonic acid gives 126 moles of ATP/ mole of fatty acid. This difference in ATP quantities is rather minor. Therefore any biological difference caused by dietary saturated versus unsaturated fats being due to their ATP yields is unlikely. 

Dairy products provide a source of dietary saturated fatty acids. Generally, saturated fatty acids have been reported in the literature to increase LDL-cholesterol (Katan et al., 1994), a risk factor for CHD (Lamarche... 

It remains to be seen whether the observed advantageous health effects of milk or dairy consumption are affected by the level of fat within these food items. It had previously been hypothesized that saturated fat in milk would have unfavorable health effects, particularly in relation to cardiovascular health and obesity because of the observed links between dietary saturated fat and CVD. In the Hoorn study, however, low-fat dairy consumption was positively related, while high-fat dairy consumption... 

Garg, M.L., Wierzbicki, A.A., Thomson, A.B.R., and Clandinin, M.T. 1989. Dietary saturated fat level alters the competition between linolenic and linoleic acid. Lipids 24, 334—339. 

Hayes, K.C., Pronczuk, A., Lindsey, S., Diersen-Schade, D. 1991. Dietary saturated fatty acids differ in their impact on plasma cholestrol and lipoproteins in non-human primates. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 53, 491 498. 

Hu, F.B., Stampfer, M.J., Manson, I.E., Ascherio, A., Colditz, G.A., Speizer F.E., Hennekens, C.H., Willett, W.C. 1999. Dietary saturated fats and their food sources in relation to the risk of coronary heart disease in women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 70, 1001-1008. 

Ginsberg, H.N. et al., Effects of reducing dietary saturated fatty acids on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in healthy subjects the DELTA Study, protocol, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vase. Biol, 18, 441, 1998. 

Trans-Isomers and Coronary Heart Disease An increased risk of developing heart disease has been linked to an intake of trans-fatty acids (223). The replacement of dietary saturated fatty acids by trans-fatty acids, for example, lowers serum HDL cholesterol and impairs endothelial function in healthy men and women (224). It also impairs flow-mediated vasodilation and decreases the activity of serum paraoxonase, which is an HDL-bound esterase that may protect against atherosclerosis (225). 

A. Nanji A A, Sadrzadeh SM, Yang EK, Fogt F, Meydani M, Dannenberg AJ, et al. Dietary saturated fatty acids A novel treatment for alcoholic liver disease. Gastroenterology 1995 109 547-54. 

Dietary saturated fats and cholesterol Increased coronary heart disease... 

The physiological effects of vegetable oil are based on their fatty acid composition. Current US dietary guidelines recommend that diets contain less than 30% calories from fat, of which less than 10% is from saturated fat, 10-15% from monounsaturated acid, and 10% from polyunsaturated acids. The primary concerns with fatty acid consumption relate to two chronic diseases—coronary heart disease (CHD) and cancer. Research has shown that high levels of dietary saturated fatty acids are related to increased CHD and that dietary modification can lower plasma cholesterol. Consequent changes in cholesterol level can be predicted by the following relationship (Hegsted et al. 1993). 

We are concerned about what types of dietary fat we should consume. We hear frequently about the amounts of saturated fats and cholesterol in our diets because a strong correlation has been found between these lipids and heart disease. Large quantities of dietary saturated fats may also predispose an individual to colon, esophageal, stomach, and breast cancers. As a result, we are advised to reduce our intake of cholesterol and saturated fats. 

Kromhout, D. A. Menotti B. Bloemherg C. Aravanis H. Blackburn R. Buzina A.S. Dontas E Fidanza S. Giaipaoli A. Jansen, et al. Dietary saturated and transfatty acids and cholesterol and 25-year mortality from coronary heart disease The seven countries study. Prev. Med. 1995, 24, 308-315. 

Vessby, B. M. Uusitupa K. Hermansen G. Riccardi Rivellese, A.A. L.C. Tapsell C. Nalsen L. Berglund A. Louheranta B.M. Rasmussen, et al. Substituting dietary saturated for monounsatu-rated fat impairs insulin sensitivity in healthy men and women The KANWU study. Diahetologia 2001,44,312-319. 

The cholesterol content of cheese is a function of its fat content (Table XIII) and ranges from ca. 10 to 100 mg/100 g, depending on the variety. Despite considerable consumer confusion and the widespread prevalence of misinformation, dietary cholesterol has much less influence on blood cholesterol levels than dietary saturated fat (Keys, 1984). Thus, the cholesterol content of cheese is of lesser importance than its saturated fat content. The majority of individuals show little or no response in blood cholesterol levels to increased dietary cholesterol intake in the range 250-800 mg/day. However, a minority (ca. 20%) of adults do exhibit increased levels of blood cholesterol in response to increased dietary intake (McNamara, 1987). Some dietary guidelines recommend restricting dietary cholesterol intake to not... 

While dietary saturated FA have only a slight effect on the FA in the samples, trans-FA can have a considerable influence. With a diet containing 5.5 g trans-FA daily in the form of hardened fats, after 16 days the trans-FA increased up to 10% at the expense of some proportion of oleic acid in the neutral lipids. Less trans-FA are transferred into the phospholipid fraction than into the TAG fraction (Kaufmann and Mankel, 1967). From rapeseed oil (which contains erucic acid), the erucic acid is transferred into the egg (Biedermann et al., 1971). In addition to the increase in C,82 acid in egg Upids, the physical characteristics change, thus increasing the tendency toward oxidation. 

Dreon DM, Femstrom HA, Campos H, Blanche R Williams PT, and Krauss RM, Change in dietary saturated fat intake is correlated with change in mass of large low-density-lipoprotein particles in men. Am J Clin Nutr, May 1998 67(5) 828-836. 

Figure 8.1 demonstrates that since the evolutionary emergraice of hominins, 20 or more species may have existed. Similar to historically studied himter-gatherers, there would have been no single, universal diet consumed by all extinct hominin species. Rather, diets would have varied by geographic locale, climate, and specific ecologic niche. However, a number of lines of evidence indicate that all hominin species and populations were omnivorous consequently, dietary saturated fats would have always been a component in hominin diets. 

Using the same model we developed for estimating the macronutrient content in hunter-gatherer diets,it is possible to estimate the dietary saturated fat content, provided saturated fat values in the plant and animal food databases are known. Similar to our previous model, a range of plant-to-animal subsistence ratios are utilized to estimate the most likely range for dietary saturated fat. 

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