Heart disease, coronary Atherosclerosis

Seljeflot I, Tonstad S, Hjermann I, Arnesen H, Reduced expression of endothelial cell markers after I year treatment with simvastatin and atorvastatin in patients with coronary heart disease, Atherosclerosis 2002 162 179-1 85,... 

D4. De Backer, G., Rossenau, M., and Deslypere, J. P., Discriminative value of lipids and apoproteins in coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis 42, 197-203 (1982). 

Rothe G, Herr A S, Stohr J, et al. (1999) A more mature phenotype of blood mononuclear phagocytes is induced by fluvastatin treatment in hypercholesterolemic patients with coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis 144 251-261... 

Lipid homeostasis, Cholesterol biosynthesis HMG-CoA reductase, SCAP, SREBP, ACAT-1, ACAT-2, ACACA, ACACB, LXR-a, DGATl, LDLR, LRP2, ABCAl Hyperlipidemia, Dys-lipidemia, Obesity, Alzheimer s, Coronary heart disease, Atherosclerosis... 

Mackness, B. et al. High C-reactive protein and low paraoxonasel in diabetes as risk factors for coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis 186 (2006a) 396 01. 

Lee S-J, Moye LA, Campos H, et al. Hypertri-glyceridaemia but not diabetic status is associated with VLDL containing apolipoprotein CIII in patients with coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis. 2003 167 293-302. 

Bordia, A. K., 1980, The effect of vitamin C on blood lipids, fibrinolytic activity and platelet adhesiveness in patients with coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis 35 181-187. 

Sucrose in the diet and coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis, 193, 1971. 

Reduction in semm Hpids can contribute significantly to prevention of atherosclerosis. In 1985 a consensus report indicating that for every 1% reduction in semm cholesterol there is a 2% reduction in adverse effects of coronary heart disease was issued (145). Recommended semm cholesterol concentration was 200 mg/dL for individuals under 30 years of age, and individuals having concentration 240 mg/dL and LDL-cholesterol over 160 mg/dL should undertake dietary modification and possibly pharmacotherapy (146). Whereas the initial step in reducing semm cholesterol is through reduction of dietary cholesterol intake, a number of dmgs are available that can affect semm Hpid profile (see Fat substitutes). The pathway to cholesterol synthesis is shown in Figure 2. 

The Serum Cholesterol Is Correlated With the Incidence of Atherosclerosis Coronary Heart Disease... 

Familial lipoprotein(a) excess Lp(a) consists of 1 mol of LDL attached to 1 mol of apo(a). Apo(a) shows structural homologies to plasminogen. Premature coronary heart disease due to atherosclerosis, plus thrombosis due to inhibition of fibrinolysis. 

In atherosclerosis, ox-LDL is taken up ultimately by macrophages and smooth muscle cells in the arterial intima. Once loaded with lipid, these cells have a foamy appearance when examined histologically. The accumulation of these so-called foam cells in the artery wall leads to the formation of fatty streaks , which can lead to atheromatous plaque formation and consequent coronary heart disease. 

Hwang SJ, Ballantyne CM, Sharrett AR, Smith LC, Davis CE, Gotto AM Jr, Boerwinkle E (1997) Circulating adhesion molecules VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and E-selectin in carotid atherosclerosis and incident coronary heart disease cases the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities (ARIC) study. Circulation 96 4219-4225... 

J2. Jauhiainen, M., Koskinen, P., Ehnholm, C., Heikki Frick, M., Manttari, M., Manninen, V., and Huttunen, J. K., Lipoprotein(a) and coronary heart disease risk A nested case-control study of the Helsinki heart study participants. Atherosclerosis (Shannon, Irel.) 89, 59-76 (1991). 

M33. Murai, A., Miyahara, T., Fujimoto, M., and Kameyama, M., Lp(a)liprotein as a risk factor for coronary heart disease and cerebral infarction. Atherosclerosis (Shannon. Irel.) 59, 199 (1985). 

T4. Tato, F., Keller, C., Schuster, H., Spengel, F., Wolfram, G., and Zollner, N., Relation of lipoprotein(a) to coronary heart disease and duplex sonographic findings of the carotid arteries in heterozygous and familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis (Shannon. Irel.) 101, 69-77 (1993). 

Cardiovascular disease Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH]... 

The three fat fuels and their metabolism are involved directly or indirectly in diseases such as diabetes mellitus, syndrome X, obesity, atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease, which are discussed in other chapters in this book. This section considers the problems associated with high blood levels of ketone bodies and long-chain fatty acids. 

Atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease are amongst the most intensively investigated subjects in medical science. Despite this, it must be pointed out that atherosclerosis is not itself a disease but a process that connibutes to diseases, such as an intermittent claudication, coronary arterial disease and stroke. 

Table 22.1 Risk factors for development of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease...

Lowering cholesterol levels can arrest or reverse atherosclerosis in all vascular beds and can significantly decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with atherosclerosis. Each 10% reduction in cholesterol levels is associated with an approximately 20% to 30% reduction in the incidence of coronary heart disease. Hyperlipidemia, particularly elevated serum cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, is a risk factor in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 

Sharrett AR, Ballantyne CM, Coady SA, et al. Coronary heart disease prediction from lipoprotein cholesterol levels, triglycerides, lipoprotein (a), apolipoproteins A-I and B, and HDL density subfractions the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Circulation 2001 104 1108-13. 

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