Selenium status

Johansson, V., Johnsson, F., Joelsson, B., Beiglund, M. and Akesson, B. (1986). Selenium status in patients with liver cirrhosis and alcoholism. Br. J. Nutr. 55, 227-233. 

Elzubeir, E.A. and R.H. Davis. 1988a. Effect of dietary sodium nitroprusside as a source of cyanide on the selenium status of chicks given diets of varying selenium concentration. Brit. Poult. Sci. 29 769-777. 

Palmer, I.S. and O.E. Olson. 1981. Effect of cyanide on selenium status in rats fed low selenium diets. Nutr. Rep. Inter. 24 635-641. 

Acute toxicity of paraquat in the domestic chicken was highly responsive to nutritional selenium status and not to Vitamin E status. As little as 0.01 mg Se/kg ration protected 8-day-old chicks against acute paraquat poisoning (Combs and Peterson 1983). Paraquat administered to chickens by way of diet was less toxic than the same amount administered in drinking water (Fletcher 1967). 

Hawkes, W.C., C.C. Willhite, K.A. Craig, S.T. Omaye, D.N. Cox, W.N. Choy, and A.G. Hendrickx. 1992. Effects of excess selenomethionine on selenium status indicators in pregnant long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 35 281-297. 

May, T.W. and G.L. McKinney. 1981. Cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic, and selenium concentrations in freshwater fish, 1976-77 — National Pesticide Monitoring Program. Pestic. Monitor. Jour. 15 14-38. McDowell, L.R., D.J. Forrester, S.B. Linda, S.D. Wright, and N.S. Wilkinson. 1995. Selenium status of white-tailed deer in Florida. Jour. Wildl. Dis. 31 205-211. 

Table I. Vitamin E and Selenium Status of Rats Fed Diets Deficient in Vitamin E and/or Se for 5 weeks...

Kumpulainen, J., Salmenpera, L., Simes, M.A., Koivistonen, P., and Perheentupa, J. 1985. Selenium status of exclusively breast-fed infants as influenced by maternal organic and inorganic selenium supplementation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 42, 829-835. 

Pehrson, B., Ortman, K., Madjid, N., and Trahkowska, U. 1999. The influence of dietary selenium as selenium yeast or sodium selenite on the concentration of selenium in the milk of suckler cows and the selenium status of their calves. J. Anim. Sci. 77(12), 3371-3376. 

M. Rayman, The use of high-selenium yeast to raise selenium status how does it measure up Br. J. Nutr., 92 (2004), 557D573. 

P. Bratter, V. E. Negretti de Bratter, S. Recknagel, R. Brunetto, Maternal selenium status influences the concentration and binding pattern of zinc in human milk, J. Trace Elem. Med Biol, 11 (1997), 203-209. 

Yoshida M, Sunaga M, Hara I. 1990. Selenium status in workers handling aromatic nitro-amino compounds in a chemical factory. J Toxicol Environ Health 31 1-10. 

Plasma from mammalia contains a selenoprotein that carries more than 50% of the selenium present. In rat, about 8% of the total selenium content is associated with this protein, selenoprotein P. A change in the selenium status of the rat leads to a rapid change of the selenium level attached to selenoprotein P, preferential to changes of other selenoproteins such as plasma glutathione peroxidase. ... 

Yadav, S.K., Singh, I., Sharma, A., Singh, D. Selenium status in food grains of northern districts of India. J. Environ. Manage. 88, 770-774 (2008)... 

Wu L., Banuelos G., and Guo X. (2000) Changes of soil and plant tissue selenium status in an upland grassland contaminated by selenium-rich agricultural drainage... 

Selenium status may be a concern for premature infants, since this population may have lower levels of plasma Sc and of GSH peroxidase. Full-term infants have 0.6-1. pM Se, while premature infants have been found to have 0.3-0.5 pM Se, though levels as high as 1.1-1.6 pM have also been found (Tyrala et uL, 1996). 

Tyrala, E Borschel, M, W-, and Jacobs, J- R. (1996). Selenaie forificalion of infant forrtuilas improves the selenium status of preterm infants. Am. j. Clin. IViJtr. 64, 860-865,... 

N-acetyl-p-D-glucosaminidase (Figure 4). No significant correlation was evident for other renal parameters U-albumin, U-orosomucoid, U-p2-microglobulin, U-copper, S-creatinine, and S-p2-microglobulin. Studies on chlor-alkali workers in Scandinavia [122-124] have reported minimal and apparently reversible renal effects from mercury exposures in this occupational group as evaluated by urinary excrebon of NAG, albumin and titers of autoantibodies. These investigators noted that a small number of susceptible individuals may exist and that selenium status appears to have a major effect on urinary NAG excretion [124]. 

Determination of the effective functioning of particular enzymes or metabolic pathways potentially may be useful in demonstrating adequacy of provision. Enzymes in plasma that may be helpful in this regard are glutathione peroxidase as an index of selenium status, and red cell enzymes, such as transketolase (thiamine), glutathione reductase (riboflavin) or transaminase (pyridoxine), or glutathione peroxidase (selenium) are all widely used. Methyltetrahydrofolate reductase is involved in metabolism of homocysteine, hence assessment of plasma homocysteine is a useful measure of... 

The low Tj syndrome observed after major trauma may also be related to changes in selenium status affecting the activity of iodothyronine deiodinase, with selenium supplements reversing most of the biochemical abnormalities found in thyroid function tests. ... 

Inflammatory Conditions. Many conditions associated with inflammation and increased oxidative stress could be influenced by selenium status. Positive effects from supplementation studies in arthritis and in pancreatitis have been reported. Low sermn selenium values are found in asthma, and some limited clinical trial studies show benefits firom supplementation." In a small trial in patients in intensive care with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), high-dose selenium supplements over 9 days were associated with reduced incidence of renal failure and reduced mortality in the most severely fll. ... 

Early animal studies and human population surveys used whole blood as the main indicator of selenium status. Whole blood selenium can be determined after acid digestion using a fluorometric method. The more convenient carbon furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (CFAAS) assay for plasma and/or serum selenium is now the most widely used procedure. The main components of plasma selenium are extracellular glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx 3) and selenoprotein P. 

In summary, there are many possible markers for selenium status. In practice, measurement of plasma selenium or GSHPx provides a good estimate of status and in particular the adequacy of recent intake, provided they are interpreted in the knowledge of changes in the APR. For a better index of long-term intake, platelet, red cell, or neutropinl GSHPx, or hair or nail selenium can also be measured. 

HiH KE, Xia Y, Akesson B, Boeglin ME, Burk RF. Selenoprotein P concentration in plasma is an index of selenium status in selenium-deficient and selenium-supplemented Chinese subjects. J Nutr 1996 126 138-45. 

Nelson HK, Shi Q, Van Dael P, Schiffrin EJ, Blum S, Barclay D et al. Host nutritional selenium status as a driving force for influenza virus mutations. FASEB J 2001 15 1846-8. 

Fleming CR, McCall JT, O Brien JF, Forsman RW, Ilstrup DM, Petz J. Selenium status in patients receiving home parenteral nutrition. J Parenteral Enteral Nutr 1984 8 258-62. 

Selenium toxicity may occur when patients receive doses exceeding 200 mcg/kg per day for prolonged periods. Selenium status may be assessed by measuring plasma selenium concentrations, which will reflect recent selenium intake. Decreased concentrations may indicate selenium deficiency, but reductions also have been observed in patients with malignancies, liver failure, and pregnancy. Assays that... 

Sher L. Effects of selenium status on mood and behaviour Role of thyroid hormones. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2002 36 559-560. 

Selenoprotein P which contains 10 selenocysteines, is the principal selenoprotein found in plasma (Sunde 1990). Selenoprotein P in plasma also does not continue to increase with increasing selenium and has been suggested as an alternative to GSH-Px as a biomarker for selenium status (Duffield et al. 1999 Huang et al. 1995). The function of selenoprotein P has still not been determined. 

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