Diesel waste fuels

Dr John Scheirs is a polymer research specialist with an emphasis on plastic recycling and pyrolysis of waste plastics into fuels. He serves as a consultant for Ozmotech Australia and has worked on the development of their Thermofuel process which can convert unwashed mixed plastics into low-sulfur diesel transportation fuel. He has studied the pyrolysis of HDPE, PP, PET and engineering plastics. 

Bioremediation has been successfully demonstrated for a variety of contaminant classifications. The majority of the studies have focused on petroleum compounds (BTEX, gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, etc.) because of their widespread occurrence as a contaminant. The other major waste classifications where bioremediation has been successful are solvents (toluene, trichloroethylene, etc.), creosote, pulp and paper, pesticides, textiles, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Table 1 contains a partial list of the microbial genus successfully implemented for these contaminants. For aqueous petroleum contaminants, bacteria and yeasts are the most prevalent degraders. In contaminated soil systems, bacteria and fungi are the microorganisms responsible for degradation. ... 

Fuel processor for 5 kW PEM fuel cell unit Combined-cycle power generation Production of low-sulfur diesel fuel Waste-fuel upgrading to acetone and isopropanol Conversion of cheese whey (solid waste) to lactic acid Ethanol for gasoline from com symp... 

As a minimum, waste oil should be burned for its fuel value, a practice in some automobile servicing shops. Waste cooking oil can serve as a feedstock for diesel engine fuel. Generally, this is done by chemical treatment and esterification of the fatty acids from cooking oils and fats (see Chapter 17). Some enterprising individuals fuel their diesel-powered vehicles directly with waste oil scavenged from restaurants. 

Yang, Y, Brammer, J. G., Ouadi, M., Samanya, J.,Homung,A.,Xu, H. M., Li, Y Characterization of waste derived intermediate pyrolysis oils for use as diesel engine fuels. Fuel 2013,103,247-257. 

Tsai, J.H., Chen, S.J., et al., 2015. Characteristics of exhaust emissions of a diesel generator fueled with water-containing butanol and waste-edible-oil-biodiesel blends. Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 (5), 2129—2139. 

Direct hydrohquefaction of biomass or wastes can be achieved by direct hydrogenation of wood chips on treatment at 10,132 kPa and 340 to 350°C with water and Raney nickel catalyst (45). The wood is completely converted to an oily Hquid, methane, and other hydrocarbon gases. Batch reaction times of 4 hours give oil yields of about 35 wt % of the feed the oil contains about 12 wt % oxygen and has a heating value of about 37.2 MJ /kg (16,000 Btu/lb). Distillation yields a significant fraction that boils in the same range as diesel fuel and is completely miscible with it. 

Combustion is the entire process by which something is oxidized. It is part of the use of gasoline or diesel fuel in automobiles and trucks, as well as part of propulsion in aircraft either in jet engines or propeller engines. This latter association is so often made that the propulsive devices in aircraft are called combustors. Similarly, furnaces and boilers, that often involve flames for the production of heat, are combustion devices involving many of the elements of the complete process. Incinerators, too, are commonly associated with combustion of fuel in the form of waste materials. Other common manifestations of coiiibustioii are house, forest, and chemical fires ... 

The thermal power plant uses a fired boiler for conversion of fuel to heat. It can be said that there is a design of fired boiler to suit almost all types of fuels, including wastes and vegetable and industrial byproducts. Generally, for oils and gases these can be more readily converted to power in diesels or gas turbines and would not be considered for thermal power plant, unless the station was of significant size. 

The diesel and gas turbine with waste heat recovery are limited in terms of fuel application being suitable for gas and oils only. Also when considering oil fuel firing... 

The thermal desorption process could be an excellent first step in soil treatment if used in conjunction with another ex situ treatment. Thermal desorption can remove TCE, most diesel fuel, and perhaps organically bound lead. Chemical Waste Management, Inc., has claimed that thermal desorption can reduce volatile organics to less than 1 mg/L and inorganics to less than 10 mg/L (sometimes even to less than 1 mg/L), and has shown a removal of 96 to 99+% of PCBs from soils containing 120 to 6000 mg/L of initial PCBs.17-91... 

In this study, waste was separated manually and composted without air pumping. Therefore, neither energy nor auxiliary fuels were needed. However, whenever RDF is produced in factory settlement, electricity and diesel are needed together with other supplement activities. For that system by using DSP method, separation, transportation, and other processes are required. Therefore, 93.8 kWh of electricity is needed for 1 ton of input waste operation [15]. 

In liquefaction systems wood and wood wastes are the most common fuelstocks. They are reacted with steam or hydrogen and carbon monoxide to produce liquids and chemicals. The chemical reactions that take place are similar to gasification but lower temperatures and higher pressure are used. Liquefaction processes can be direct or indirect. The product from liquefaction is pyrolytic oil which has a high oxygen content. It can be converted to diesel fuel, gasoline or methanol. 

Second-generation biofuel technologies make use of a much wider range of biomass feedstock (e.g., forest residues, biomass waste, wood, woodchips, grasses and short rotation crops, etc.) for the production of ethanol biofuels based on the fermentation of lignocellulosic material, while other routes include thermo-chemical processes such as biomass gasification followed by a transformation from gas to liquid (e.g., synthesis) to obtain synthetic fuels similar to diesel. The conversion processes for these routes have been available for decades, but none of them have yet reached a high scale commercial level. 

Typical refinery producfs include (1) nafural gas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), (2) solvent naphtha, (3) kerosene, (4) diesel fuel, (5) jet fuel, (6) lubricating oil, (7) various fuel oils, (8) wax, (9) residua, and (10) asphalt (Chapter 3). A single refinery does nof necessarily produce all of fhese producfs. Some refineries are dedicated to particular products (e.g., the production of gasoline or the production of lubricating oil or the production of asphalt). However, the issue is that refineries also produce a variety of waste products (Table 4.1) that must be disposed of in an enviromnentally acceptable manner. 

B wastes hydrocarbons, including diesel range organics (DROs) and jet fuel. Analysts should use the fuel contaminating the site for quantitation. 

---