Thermo-chemical processes

Second-generation biofuel technologies make use of a much wider range of biomass feedstock (e.g., forest residues, biomass waste, wood, woodchips, grasses and short rotation crops, etc.) for the production of ethanol biofuels based on the fermentation of lignocellulosic material, while other routes include thermo-chemical processes such as biomass gasification followed by a transformation from gas to liquid (e.g., synthesis) to obtain synthetic fuels similar to diesel. The conversion processes for these routes have been available for decades, but none of them have yet reached a high scale commercial level. 

It was then illustrated how a thermo-chemical process may be synthesized and designed if its components are thus thermoecon-omically isolated. The illustration was carried out on components of a large steam power plant, using simplified primary equations with subsequent corrections—the primary equations serving to illustrate clearly the tradeoff between useful energy costs and investment in equipment. 

SIMULATION OF SOLAR THERMO CHEMICAL PROCESS FOR BOUDOUARD REACTION... 

FIG. XXIX-15. Flow sheet for hydrogen production by I-S thermo-chemical process. 

FIG. XXIX-16. Indian R D plan for hydrogen production by IS thermo-chemical process. 

CHTR (India) 0.1 n/a, Brayton cycle plus thermoelectric conversion Yes Thermo- chemical processes plus electrolysis 2015 Conceptual design stage Yes -11% n/a Lifetime eore (5 years). Compact power pack for remote places and for hydrogen production... 

In refining, these constituents may lead to catalyst deactivation and the formation of waste during the thermal and thermo-chemical processing of heavy residues of oil (Sp>eight, 2001). 

With the growing industrial interest in the production of biofuels, the most important areas that need attention and research seem to be (i) scale-up, (ii) cost efficiency, (iii) better fuel properties, (iv) norms and standards for producers and end-users, (v) environment health and safety issues in biomass io el handling, transportation and usage, (vi) encouragement to implement thermo-chemical processes and applications, (vii) efficient utilization of byproducts for value-added chemical or material production, and (viii) information dissemination. The biomass conversion process can be economically viable if used in an integrated manner for generation of other marketable co-products in addition to the primary biofuel product, thus contributing to sustainable development. 

The sulfur-iodine cycle is a series of thermo-chemical processes used to obtain hydrogen. It consists of three chemical reactions whose net reactant is water and whose net products are hydrogen and oxygen. 

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