Ethanol: biofuels

The sources of biofuels and the methods for bioenergy production are too numerous for an exliaustive list to be described in detail here. Instead, electricity production using direct combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, and digester gas, and two transportation biofuels, ethanol and biodiesel, are discussed below. 

Softwoods are the predominant species of tree in Canada. In British Columbia, an estimated 2.2 million t of surplus wood residues are generated each year (5), which until now have been of limited use as a commercial product. Bioconversion of these residues into biofuel ethanol and valuable chemicals provides an attractive opportunity for the sustainable development of both renewable energy and Canada s forest resources. 

Laboratory, N. R. E. A calculator for theoretical ethanol yields form biomass, http //www.ott.doe.gov/biofuels/ ethanol calculator.html (April 2005). 

Figure 5.6. Historic trends in the world s gross energy use and its distribution on sources. During the early years, food energy includes an estimate of the draft animal power utilised. Wood includes straw and biofuels ethanol and biogas (updated from Jensen and Sorensen, 1984, with use of USDoE, 2003, and Sorensen, 2004a).

Safe and Effective Microorganisms for Biofuel Ethanol Production. 191... 

Further Improvement of Glucose-Xylose-Fermenting Saccharomyces Yeasts for Effective, Economical Conversion of Sugars from Cellulosic Biomass to Biofuel Ethanol. 

A more recent survey comprehending the biofuels ethanol, methanol, biodiesel, and biogas has been commissioned in 2007 by Swiss federal administration (Bun-desamt fur Energje BFE, Bundesamt fur Umwelt BAFU, Bundesamt fiir Land-wirtschaft BLW) in 2007 [25]. It not only covers Swiss production but also biomass... 

The production of biofuels (ethanol, butanol and biodiesel) falls into two categories ... 

Zhu, J. Y, Sabo, R., Luo, X. (2011). Integrated production of nano-fibrillated cellulose and eel-lulosic biofuel (ethanol) by enzymatic fractionation of wood fibers. (5), 1339-134. 

First generation biofuels (ethanol in particular) face three major criticisms (1) intensification of their use leads to competition with food resources ( efood versus fuel debate), (2) ethanol production from com grain requires significant consumption of fossil resources, in such a way that there are minimum benefits from the carbon emissions perspective, and (3) there is a requirement of land to grow com. 

Acid hydrolysis Cellulose hemicellulose, lignin Fermentable sugars, biofuel, ethanol... 

Fuels that come from plants are called biofuels. Two biofuels, ethanol and biodiesel, have received serious attention. As shown in Figure 1.4, once used as a fiiel, the carbon in both fossil and biofuel gets converted to CO. As biofuels come from plants, and plants recycle CO by photosynthesis, more extensive use of biofuels would add less CO to the... 

Of the first-generation biofuels, ethanol and larger alcohols have been modeled most extensively and can thus be used to explore complex chemistry of interest. Branching in alcohols and the position of branching can impact ignition delays, overall conversion, and the distribution of intermediates, incomplete products of combustion, and emissions (aldehydes, unsaturated HCs). For alcohols, reaction of alkyl radicals with O2 molecules results... 

Y.K. Ong, N. Widjojo, T.S. Chung, Fundamentals of semi-crystalline poly(vinylidene fluoride) membrane formation and its prospects for biofuel (ethanol and acetone) separation via pervaporation. Journal of Membrane Science, 378 (2011) 149-162. 

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