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Diesel Exhaust Fluid

Concentrated aqueous solutions of Urea (32.5% urea) which is known as diesel exhaust fluid (DBF) (with the trade name AdBlue) are used for this deNOx reaction with dosing levels related to the engine operating temperatures (which are a proxy for engine out NOx emissions) [48]. [Pg.14]

Thomas, D., and Highfield, T. (2011) Ammonium FormateAJrea Based Diesel Exhaust Fluid for Superior Low Temperature SCR Performance, presentation at SAE Light-Duty Diesel Emissions Symposium, Detroit, November 2011. [Pg.32]

Due to packaging constraints, not even a DOC could be close-coupled to the engine aU catalysts would be located underbody. It was decided to proceed with the DOC -I- SCR -I- DPF configuration in order to meet the NOx performance target to 85+ % conversion on the FTP-75. Even with rapid warm up, the overall system performance presented a huge challenge. A schematic of the final system includes two DOC bricks, DEF injection (DEF — diesel exhaust fluid, a trade name for automotive grade aqueous urea), a twist mixer, two SCR bricks, and a diesel particulate filter (Fig. 21.10). The DOC and SCR substrates were cordierite and the... [Pg.669]

NiS04 and NiCl2 instilled into rat lungs also produced an inflammatory response (17). However, analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from rodents exposed to diesel exhaust containing 3.5 mg soot/m3, 7 h/day for 2, 12 or 17 days indicated no influx of inflammatory cells (20). Thus, the diesel soot, at lung burdens of 0.5 mg/g lung, does not produce an acute inflammatory response. [Pg.54]

Figure 5. Pulmonary inflammatory response to chronic diesel exhaust exposure as measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The total amount or activity of material removed from the lung has been normalized to the weight of control lungs. Inflammatory response is indicated by influx of neutrophils (PMN). Cytotoxicity is indicated by extracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). (Continued on next page.)... Figure 5. Pulmonary inflammatory response to chronic diesel exhaust exposure as measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The total amount or activity of material removed from the lung has been normalized to the weight of control lungs. Inflammatory response is indicated by influx of neutrophils (PMN). Cytotoxicity is indicated by extracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). (Continued on next page.)...
Mudway IS, Stenfors N, Duggan ST, Roxborough H, Zielinski H, Marklund SL, Blomberg A, Frew AJ, Sandstrom T, Kelly FJ (2004) An in vitro and in vivo investigation of the effects of diesel exhaust on human airway lining fluid antioxidants. Arch Biochem Biophys 423 (1) 200-212... [Pg.296]

Ryno, M., L. Rantanen, E. Papaioannou, A.G. Konstandopoulos, T. Koskentalo, and K. Savela. 2006. Comparison of pressurized fluid extraction, Soxhlet extraction and sonication for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air and diesel exhaust particulate matter. J. Environ. Monit. 8 488 193. [Pg.467]

Other reported applications of S-FFF include the characterization of samples of environmental samples like diesel exhaust soot [384]. The first successful experimental implementation of focusing-S-FFF fractionated a mixture of polystyrene latex with poly(glycidyl methacrylate) latex differing in density which was eluted with Percoll as the carrier fluid [309]. [Pg.153]

One way of improving SFE efficiency is by using a more suitable SF to extract the target analyte. Unfortunately, the choice of fluids other than CO, is restricted by the desire to have reasonable critical parameter values and costs, chemical inertness, low toxicity and little environmental impact. The use of supercritical N2O has proved to increase the extraction efficiency for high-molecular weight PAHs and chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins from fly ash and sediment [52]. This extractant, however, does not always improve the extraction efficiency [53] also, it can be explosive in the presence of reactive organics. Other polar fluids such as CHCIF, (Freon-22) have exhibited increased efficiency in the extraction of nitrated and non-nitrated PAHs from particulate matter in diesel exhaust [54]. Freon-22 has also been found to allow significantly fast and effective extraction of... [Pg.309]

Another recent advancement involving chemists and design is the development of diesel emissions fluid (DEF) systems. Diesel emissions fluid is a 35% urea and 65% water mixture injected into the exhaust stream of a diesel vehicle to improve or reduce the NOx emissions. The urea injection works by decomposition of urea into ammonia when injected into the exhaust stream ... [Pg.98]

These DEF systems are generally mounted on the side of the frame of the vehicle. The fill point is generally under hood. The actual diesel emissions fluid is a 35% urea-water mixture. Because this mixture freezes at -11°C, a heated EPDM (ethylene-propylene diene monomer)/nylon 6,6 line is used to deliver the urea from the tank to the exhaust stream. A sensor controls the flow of the urea to obtain the NOx reduction. This system can reduce NOx emissions by up to 40%. The urea refill rate is about once every 3 months based on typical driving schedules. [Pg.98]

Use of acidic COz is clearly undesirable for the extraction of basic compounds, and N20 has been used effectively for a number of amines (Mathias-son et al. 1989 Ashraf-Khorassani and Taylor 1990). Similarly, C02 was ineffective for extraction of 1-nitropyrene from diesel exhaust particulate matter although this could be accomplished effectively using the freon CHC1F2 (Paschke et al. 1992). In conclusion, it seems safe to state the obvious no single supercritical fluid is likely to be optimal for the extraction of structurally diverse analytes. [Pg.51]

Paschke, T., S.B. Hawthorne, and D.J. Miller. 1992. Supercritical fluid extraction of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from diesel exhaust particulate matter. J. Chromatogr. 609 333-340. [Pg.111]

Nanofibre enhances the capture of nanoparticles such as viruses, bacteria, and man-made particles, such as soot from diesel exhaust. As soon as a fluid (air or liquid) contacts a nonwoven web, molecules are subjected to various forces, such as Brownian di siou, direct interception, partial impact, electrostatic forces, and sedimentation. For nanometre-scale fibres, a second factor has to be taken into account the effect of slip flow at the fibre surface. For macroscale fibrous materials, filtration mechauisms rely on continuous flow around the fibre, with a no-slip condition at the fibre surface. The theory starts to break down when the scale of the fibre becomes small enough that the molecular movements of the air molecules are significant in relation to the size of the fibres and the flow field. Using a slip-flow model at the fibre surface can extend the usefiil range of continuous flow theory. The Knudseu number (Kn) is used to describe the importance of the molecular movements of air... [Pg.125]

Henderson RF, Kckrell JA, Jones RK, Sun JD, Benson JM, Mauderly JL, McClellan RO. Response of rodents to inhaled diluted diesel exhaust Biochemical and cytological changes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and in lung tissue. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1988 11 546-567. [Pg.62]

Miscellaneous. Volatile nitrosamines can escape into the atmosphere from a variety of other sources. Automobile and diesel engine exhausts may contain N-nitroso compounds, including NDMA at trace levels (5). Nitrosodiethanolamine (NDEIA) is a likely air contaminant in machine shops which use cutting and grinding fluids contaminated with high concentrations of NDElA (10). Several herbicides, known to contain appreciable levels of volatile nitrosamines (9), are applied as aqueous sprays it is likely that worker exposure via inhalation may be appreciable. [Pg.251]

G. Montenegro and A. Onorati. Id thermo-fluid dynamic modelling of de-nox scr systems for diesel engine exhaust gas after-treatment Int. J. of Vehicle Design, 41(No.l/2/3/4) 285-306, 2006. [Pg.547]


See other pages where Diesel Exhaust Fluid is mentioned: [Pg.455]    [Pg.659]    [Pg.691]    [Pg.455]    [Pg.659]    [Pg.691]    [Pg.97]    [Pg.118]    [Pg.10]    [Pg.487]    [Pg.508]    [Pg.636]    [Pg.48]    [Pg.458]    [Pg.214]    [Pg.320]    [Pg.305]    [Pg.517]    [Pg.81]    [Pg.465]    [Pg.292]    [Pg.386]    [Pg.519]    [Pg.312]    [Pg.89]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.7 , Pg.11 , Pg.455 , Pg.487 , Pg.669 ]




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