Dibutyl phthalate

General Solubility Soluble in all common organic solvents and oils 

Tible B. DIbutyl PMhalate—Bvaluatlon In Pehrvlnyl Aeetato AdheslVM 

General Solubility Miscible with most common solvents and with most primaiy and secondary plasticizers for polyvinyt chloride 

Water immersion (24 hours) % soluble matter lost 0.01 0.03 0.04 

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Chlorine Ammonia, acetylene, alcohols, alkanes, benzene, butadiene, carbon disulflde, dibutyl phthalate, ethers, fluorine, glycerol, hydrocarbons, hydrogen, sodium carbide, flnely divided metals, metal acetylides and carbides, nitrogen compounds, nonmetals, nonmetal hydrides, phosphorus compounds, polychlorobi-phenyl, silicones, steel, sulfldes, synthetic rubber, turpentine... 

Maleic acid can be thermally dehydrated to maleic anhydride (69) or dehydrated through azeotropic distillation. Solvents such as xylenes (70) or dibutyl phthalate [84-74-2] (71) are preferred but conditions must be carefully adjusted to avoid isomerization to fumaric acid. 

Uses. Phthabc anhydride is used mainly in plasticizers, unsaturated polyesters, and alkyd resins (qv). PhthaUc plasticizers consume 54% of the phthahc anhydride in the United States (33). The plasticizers (qv) are used mainly with poly(vinyl chloride) to produce flexible sheet such as wallpaper and upholstery fabric from normally rigid polymers. The plasticizers are of two types diesters of the same monohydric alcohol such as dibutyl phthalate, or mixed esters of two monohydric alcohols. The largest-volume plasticizer is di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate [117-81-7] which is known commercially as dioctyl phthalate (DOP) and is the base to which other plasticizers are compared. The important phthahc acid esters and thek physical properties are Hsted in Table 12. The demand for phthahc acid in plasticizers is naturally tied to the growth of the flexible poly(vinyl chloride) market which is large and has been growing steadily. 

The role of specific interactions in the plasticization of PVC has been proposed from work on specific interactions of esters in solvents (eg, hydrogenated chlorocarbons) (13), work on blends of polyesters with PVC (14—19), and work on plasticized PVC itself (20—23). Modes of iateraction between the carbonyl functionaHty of the plasticizer ester or polyester were proposed, mostly on the basis of results from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ftir). Shifts in the absorption frequency of the carbonyl group of the plasticizer ester to lower wave number, indicative of a reduction in polarity (ie, some iateraction between this functionaHty and the polymer) have been reported (20—22). Work performed with dibutyl phthalate (22) suggests an optimum concentration at which such iateractions are maximized. Spectral shifts are in the range 3—8 cm . Similar shifts have also been reported in blends of PVC with polyesters (14—20), again showing a concentration dependence of the shift to lower wave number of the ester carbonyl absorption frequency. 

In addition to the fundamental property of particle si2e (and surface area), carbon black possesses a secondary characteristic of stmcture, best described as the tendency of individual particles to agglomerate or associate with one another. These two properties or characteristics of the carbon control the degree and nature of the reinforcing character of the black in mbber. The stmcture of the carbon black is deterrnined by dibutyl phthalate absorption and surface area is estimated by N2 absorption (Table 10). 

Additional commercial markets for 1-butanol include plasticizer esters (eg, dibutyl phthalate), butylated melamine—formaldehyde resins, and mono-, di-, and tributylamines. 

Stmcture is usually measured by a void volume test such as the absorption of dibutyl phthalate (DBPA) (15), or by bulk density measurements of the carbon black under compression. In order to eliminate the effects of pelletizing conditions the DBPA test has been modified to use a sample that has been precompressed at a pressure of 165 MPa (24,000 psi) and then broken up four successive times (24M4) (16). This procedure causes some aggregate breakdown and is claimed to more closely approximate the actual breakdown that occurs duting mbber mixing. 

GPF = general purpose furnace SRF = semireinforcing furnace MT = medium thermal HS = high structure LS = low structure LM = low modulus. Dibutyl phthalate [84-74-2] absorption. 

Camphor, dibutyl phthalate [84-74-2], and other Hpidic solvents are common plastici2ers. Nad lacquers requite the presence of a suspending agent because pigments have a tendency to settle. Most tinted lacquers contain a suitable flocculating agent, such as stearalkonium hectorite, a reaction product of hectorite [12173 6-6] and stearalkonium chloride [122-19-0],... 

The polysulfide base material contains 50—80% of the polyfunctional mercaptan, which is a clear, amber, sympy Hquid polymer with a viscosity at 25°C of 35, 000 Pa-s(= cP), an average mol wt of 4000, a pH range of 6—8, and a ntild, characteristic mercaptan odor. Fillers are added to extend, reinforce, harden, and color the base. They may iaclude siUca, calcium sulfate, ziac oxide, ziac sulfide [1314-98-3] alumina, titanium dioxide [13463-67-7] and calcium carbonate. The high shear strength of the Hquid polymer makes the compositions difficult to mix. The addition of limited amounts of diluents improves the mix without reduciag the set-mbber characteristics unduly, eg, dibutyl phthalate [84-74-2], tricresyl phosphate [1330-78-5], and tributyl citrate [77-94-1]. 

Dibutyl phthalate from butanol and phthahc acid Esterification... 

Other mechanisms Dibutyl phthalate Benzidine-based dyes Vinylcyclohexene... 

Diesters Dimethyl phthalate Dibutyl phthalate Diethyl maleate... 

Comparison of Table 5.4 and 5.7 allows the prediction that aromatic oils will be plasticisers for natural rubber, that dibutyl phthalate will plasticise poly(methyl methacrylate), that tritolyl phosphate will plasticise nitrile rubbers, that dibenzyl ether will plasticise poly(vinylidene chloride) and that dimethyl phthalate will plasticise cellulose diacetate. These predictions are found to be correct. What is not predictable is that camphor should be an effective plasticiser for cellulose nitrate. It would seem that this crystalline material, which has to be dispersed into the polymer with the aid of liquids such as ethyl alcohol, is only compatible with the polymer because of some specific interaction between the carbonyl group present in the camphor with some group in the cellulose nitrate. 

Plasticisers are sometimes added to the polymer, dibutyl phthalate being commonly employed in quantities of the order of 5%. Use in moulding powders will enhance the melt flow but somewhat reduce the mechanical properties of the finished product. 

In some moulding compositions other special purpose ingredients may be incorporated. For example, naphthalene, furfural and dibutyl phthalate are occasionally used as plasticisers or more strictly as flow promoters. They are particularly useful where powders with a low moulding shrinkage are required. In such formulations a highly condensed resin is used so that there will be less reaction, and hence less shrinkage, during cure. The plasticiser is incorporated to... 

Cyclohexanone peroxide, a white powder, another mixture of peroxidic materials, has a similar reactivity to MEKP. Usually supplied as a 50% paste in dimethyl or dibutyl phthalate, it has to be weighed out, but it is easier to follow dispersion and to observe spillage. The quantity of peroxide used is generally 0.5-3% of the polyester. 

The hydrohalide is liable to dehydrochlorination, particularly when moist acid is used in its preparation, so that hydrochloric acid acceptors such as lead carbonate are useful stabilisers. Dibutyl phthalate and tritolyl phosphate are effective plasticisers. Rubber hydrochloride is used as a packaging film (Pliofilm) and as a rubber-to-metal bonding agent (e.g. Typly). 

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