Diarrhea ruminants

The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in the USA has estimated that Campylobacter and Salmonella are the top two bacterial foodbome pathogens as they are responsible for a total of 2 and 1.3 million foodbome infections every year (Mead et al., 1999). Most of the cases of infection with Campylobacter and Salmonella appear to be due to eggs and poultry, but a significant number of cases are related to beef products (CDC, 2005 Jay, 2000). EHEC does not cause as many infections as the top two pathogens (approximately 100,000 in the USA), but EHEC is frequently linked to outbreaks of diarrhea caused by the consumption of contaminated ground beef (Mead et al., 1999, Rangel et al., 2005). Infections caused by EHEC are the major microbial public health concern related to ruminant food products. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Rinderpest, infectious bovine rhino-tracheitis, bovine herpes mammillitis, malignant catarrhal fever, Peste des petits ruminants, vesicular stomatitis, bluetongue, bovine viral diarrhea, and foot rot in cattle, vesicular exanthema of swine, swine vesicular disease, and foreign bodies or trauma. 

Digestion can be a limiting factor in the ability of organisms to utilize saccharides. Many adults lack the lactase enzyme required to hydrolyze lactose. When these individuals consume milk products, the lactose remains undigested in the intestine, where it is acted upon by bacteria. These bacteria produce gas and intestinal pain, and diarrhea may result. The lack of a digestive enzyme for cellulose in humans and virtually all other animals means that these animals cannot metabolize cellulose. The cellulosic plant material eaten by ruminant animals such as cattle is actually digested by the action of enzymes produced by specialized rumen bacteria in the stomachs of such animals. 

Further reduction in cost of the chitinous supplement was achieved in two experiments with young ruminating neifers where we supplemented whey-rich rations with raw and demineralized crab meals (91.). Statistical analysis showed no significant dietary effect on net weight gain or feed efficiency for either experiment. Diarrhea increased by including whey alone in the ration. In contrast, the inclusion of either raw or demineralized crab meal alone in trie ration induced constipation. The addition of crab meal and whey to the ration restored feces to normal. 

Agents in this group, especially clindamycin and lincomycin, are associated with bacterial overgrowth in the colon. Serious and potentially fatal diarrhea may occur in humans, rabbits, ruminants and horses. Foals appear to be less susceptible to erythromycin-induced diarrhea than adult horses and the ethylsuccinate formulation seems to be the least likely to induce diarrhea. 

Compared to its use in product manufacturing, the use of formaldehyde in the medical fields is relatively small. Consumption in this area averages approximately 1.5% of the total production volume (WHO 1989). Some of the earlier, minor, medicinal applications for formaldehyde included its use during vasectomies, as a foot antiperspirant or as a preservative in such products, as a treatment for athlete s foot, and as a sterilant for echinococcus cysts prior to their surgical removal (lARC 1982). In veterinary medicine, formaldehyde has been used therapeutically as an antiseptic and as a fumigant. It has also been used to treat tympany, diarrhea, mastitis, pneumonia, and internal bleeding in animals (Windholz et al. 1983). In animal nutrition, formaldehyde is used to protect dietary protein in ruminants. It is used as a food additive to improve the handling characteristics of animal fat and oilseed cattle food mixtures (WHO 1989). 

In ruminants, typical clinical manifestations are loss of condition, diarrhea, subcutaneous edema, profound weakness and jaundice. Furthermore, pathological... 

The use of lincosamides (see list in Table 1.5) is contraindicated in horses because of the potential risk of serious or fatal enterocolitis and diarrhea. This commonly involves overgrowth of the normal microflora by nonsusceptible bacteria such as Clostridium species. Oral administration of lincomycin to ruminants has also been associated with adverse side effects such as anorexia, ketosis, and diarrhea. Such use is therefore contraindicated in ruminants. 

In calves orally administered melia fruit at doses of 5 to 30 g/kg, half of the animals that received 15 g/kg and all animals that received 25 or 30 g/kg died. Clinical signs, which appeared 4 to 24 hours after administration, included depression, ruminal stasis, anorexia, diarrhea, incoordination, muscle tremors, difficulty standing, sternal recumbence, hypothermia, and dyspnea. Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) were elevated (Mendez et al. 2002). Feeding studies in pigs and sheep indicated that the toxic dose of melia fruit was approximately 5 g/kg (Hare 1998 Kingsbury 1964). 

Clinical signs. Affected cattle or sheep have ruminal engorgement, with development of a gray, party diarrhea. Neurologic signs include ataxia, weakness, muscle trermrs, and recumbency. 

Relatively t( (ic to ruminants. Central nervous stimulation may be prominent, with muscle treryx)rs, seizures, ataxia, weakness, and recumbency. Diarrhea and salivation sorrielimes occur. Necropsy reveals an enlarged and friable liver pulmonary edema and hydrothorax are possible. 

High-fat feedstuff such as tallow and vegetable oils should be carefully controlled in formulated diets because an excess can cause diarrhea and other gastrointestinal disorders. For ruminants, the use of more than 8% total dietary fat lowers carbohydrate and fiber fermentation and therefore overall feed efficiency. 

A toxicity problem associated with second-cutting red clover hay was reported in 1959 in Missouri, Cattle and sheep which were fed such hay slobbered excessively, went off feed, developed diarrhea and stiff joints, and sometimes died. A similar disorder in ruminants was investigated in Illinois in 1961 however, the causal agent was not identified. Similar cases were reported in Wisconsin in 1962 and 1963 this finally led to the isolation of a toxinogenic strain of Rhizoctonia leguminicola, the cause of the black patch disease of red clover. It was concluded that the salivation factor was contained in the mycelium of the R. leguminicola and that it was not a product of red clover per se (Rainey et ai, 1965 Aust and Broquist, 1965). 

---