Diagnostic analytes, clinical

The above analytical solutions are used in the ELISPOT method, dot-bolt, and immunoblotting (Masseyeff et al., 1993 Bednarski and Reps, 2003 Jedrychowski, 2003) and in analytical systems used for clinical diagnostic purposes (Clinical Laboratory International, 2005). 

Clinical/diagnostics For clinical diagnostics, a lot of sensors have been developed for medical diagnosis of various analytes in blood samples like glucose, cholesterol, urea, lactate, uric acid, creatinine, both qualitatively and quantitatively. To detect... 

Maurer, H.H. (2012) How can analytical diagnostics in clinical toxicology be successfully performed today Jher. Drug Monit., 34, 561. 

It should be stressed here that feature selection is not only a data manipulation operation, but may have economic consequences. For instance, one could decide on the basis of the results deseribed above to reduce the number of different tests for a EU/HYPO discrimination problem to only two. A less straightforward problem with which the decision maker is eonfronted is to decide how many tests to earry out for a EU/HYPER discrimination. One loses some 3% in seleetivity by eliminating one test. The deeision maker must then compare the economic benefit of earrying out one test less with the loss contained in a somewhat smaller diagnostic success. In fact, he earries out aeost-benefit analysis. This is only one of the many instanees where an analytical (or clinical) chemist may be confronted with such a situation. 

The complete four-component system is necessary when the diagnostic requirement is rapid, low unit-cost analysis for both the strain-level characterization of pathogenic agents and identification of hoax bio-terror materials. Using the complete system, we are proposing to validate MS-based microbial taxonomy and to transfer the technology from an analytical research to a clinical or public health production-diagnosis environment. 

In clinical chemistry and medical diagnostics the true positive rate is called sensitivity rate and the true negative rate specificity rate (O Rangers and Condon [2000]) without any relation to the general definition of the terms sensitivity and specificity and their use in analytical chemistry (see Sects. 7.2 and 7.3). 

Nowadays, antibodies are utilized in numerous immunoanalytical methods. Those widely used in practice, such as radioimmunoassays, fluoroimmunoassays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), require labelled reagents. Millions of ELISA tests for diagnostics of various diseases are daily performed in clinical laboratories. The detection of analytes by two-antibody "sandwich" ELISA, is schematically outlined in Figure 3. 

In contrast to other analytical methods, ion-selective electrodes respond to an ion activity, not concentration, which makes them especially attractive for clinical applications as health disorders are usually correlated to ion activity. While most ISEs are used in vitro, the possibility to perform measurements in vivo and continuously with implanted sensors could arm a physician with a valuable diagnostic tool. In-vivo detection is still a challenge, as sensors must meet two strict requirements first, minimally perturb the in-vivo environment, which could be problematic due to injuries and inflammation often created by an implanted sensor and also due to leaching of sensing materials second, the sensor must not be susceptible to this environment, and effects of protein adsorption, cell adhesion, and extraction of lipophilic species on a sensor response must be diminished [13], Nevertheless, direct electrolyte measurements in situ in rabbit muscles and in a porcine beating heart were successfully performed with microfabricated sensor arrays [18],... 

Apart from immunoassays, enzyme assays can also be used to detect certain substrates in a clinical diagnostic setting. The benefits of performing enzymatic assays on microchips are the analytical power and minimal reagent use in microfluidic systems combined with the selectivity and amplification factors that come with biocatalysis. 

Redox-inactive cations attract a particular interest for analytical chemists because of their importance in environmental control, industry, and medicine. For instance, in clinical diagnostics, tests for blood electrolytes (Na+, K+) are routine, because deviation of cation content from their normal values indicates a number of pathologies. 

A number of automated systems, e.g. Stratus CS (Dade Behring), IMx (Abbott Laboratories) and COBAS core II (Roche Diagnostics) are now commercially available for quantitation of a large variety of analytes of clinical significance. An... 

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