Schematic outline

Fig. 4. Schematic outline for processing soybeans into oil and meal by hexane extraction. Courtesy of Dravo Corporation.

Fig. 6. Schematic outline for manufacture of edible soybean oil products, where D = deodorization, W = winterization, and S = solidification (73).

Fig. 7. Schematic outline for manufacture of soybean proteia isolates.

As expected from the design of the experiment, the HPLC column packed with CSP 14 containing all 36 members of the library with tt-basic substituents separated 7t-acid substituted amino acid amides. Although encouraging since it suggested the presence of at least one useful selector, this result did not reveal which of the numerous selectors on CSP 14 was the most powerful one. Therefore, a deconvolution process involving the preparation of series of beads with smaller numbers of attached selectors was used. The approach is schematically outlined in Fig. 3-17. 

Fig. 3.18 Schematic outline and ideal band diagram of an extremely thin absorber solar cell. The n-Ti02 crystallites are clustered together to form a relatively open, network-like morphology, accommodating a thin layer of CdTe absorber, with p-ZnTe at the back contact. (Reprinted from [270], Copyright 2009, with permission from Elsevier)...

Figure 1.7 Schematic outline of the constructional principle of the multiple-micro-reactor test station [2j.

Figure 6. Schematic outline of the first commercially available multiple collector ICPMS, the Plasma 54, after Halhday et al. (1995). This instrument uses Nier-Johnson double-focusing and is equipped with eight independently adjustable Faraday collectors. The axial collector can be wound down to provide access to a Daly detector equipped with ion counting capabilities and a second-stage energy filter for high abundance sensitivity measurements. The sample may be introduced to the plasma source by either solution aspiration or laser ablation.

Figure 8. Schematic outline of a second-generation MC-ICPMS instrument (Nu Instalments Nu Plasma), equipped with a multiple-Faraday collector block for the simultaneous measurement of up to 12 ion beams, and three electron multipliers (one operating at high-abundance sensitivity) for simultaneous low-intensity isotope measurement. This instmment uses zoom optics to obtain the required mass dispersion and peak coincidences in place of motorized detector carriers. [Used with permission of Nu Instruments Ltd.]...

Figure 1. Schematic outline of various products and associated enzymes from the shikimate and phenolic pathways in plants (and some microorganisms). Enzymes (1) 3-deoxy-2-oxo-D-arabino-heptulosate-7-phosphate synthase (2) 5-dehydroquinate synthase (3) shikimate dehydrogenase (4) shikimate kinase (5) 5-enol-pyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (6) chorismate synthase (7) chorismate mutase (8) prephenate dehydrogenase (9) tyrosine aminotransferase (10) prephenate dehydratase (11) phenylalanine aminotransferase (12) anthranilate synthase (13) tryptophan synthase (14) phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (15) tyrosine ammonia-lyase and (16) polyphenol oxidase. (From ACS Symposium Series No. 181, 1982) (62).

Prepare a process flow diagram, showing the major items of equipment in the correct elevation, with an indication of their internal construction. Show all major pipe lines and give a schematic outline of the probable instrumentation of the reactor and its subsidiaries. 

Fig. 1 Schematic outline of procedures employed in the synthesis of a cDNA gene copy from a polyadenylated mRNA template, insertion of the cDNA into a bacterial plasmid vector by a homopolymer tailing strategy, and cloning of the recombinant plasmid in an Escherichia coli host.

Figure 11,5 schematically outlines the process of film casting. The molten output from an extruder is pumped through a heated pipe to the top of a slot die, whose exit is pointed... 

Figure 1.2 Schematic outlining the purification protocol. The principal steps of purifying FLAG-tagged eIF2B proteins from yeast whole cell extracts are outlined in the diagram for details, refer to the main text.

To prepare EPR samples of proteins at a fixed redox potential requires a relatively simple setup schematically outlined in Figure 13.3. Because an EPR sample has a volume of 100-200 pL, we need circa 1.5 mL of anaerobic (cf. Chapter 3, Section 3.5) protein solution to collect data for a ten-point amplitude versus potential graph. The protein concentration may be significantly lower than that of a sample for spectroscopic analysis because we are interested only in the relative EPR amplitude for each sample recorded under conditions that maximize signal-to-noise ratio a single 200 pL EPR... 

Nowadays, antibodies are utilized in numerous immunoanalytical methods. Those widely used in practice, such as radioimmunoassays, fluoroimmunoassays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), require labelled reagents. Millions of ELISA tests for diagnostics of various diseases are daily performed in clinical laboratories. The detection of analytes by two-antibody "sandwich" ELISA, is schematically outlined in Figure 3. 

FIGURE 7.3. Schematic outline of the DO concentration vs. time measurements for the determination of OUR values. 

Figure 1. Schematic outline of the iterative divergent/ convergent approach to molecular length doubling.

Figure 22. Shown is the schematic outline of the four-terminal device in Figure 13 with its reduced logic profiles and subsequent truth table outputs where the electrostatic potential is varied through inputs V1in and V2,in. The central methylene is depicted as an electrical barrier. Monitoring of the electrostatic potential output is observed at Vout, and FI...

The schematic outline of the stepwise selective activation is shown in Scheme 1.9 thus, a glycosyl donor, bearing a reactive LGa, is coupled with a glycosyl acceptor,... 

Figure 1. Schematic outline of the typical dimensions of the various physically relevant layers at the organism/medium interphase cell membrane, cell wall layer, electric double layer, diffusive depletion layer...

Fig. 4.1 Schematic outline of the possible applications of fullerenes as PDT sensitizers covered in this review (See Color Plates)...

In this chapter we will cover the existing literature on fullerenes for PDT, summarize results from our laboratory and outline future possibilities concerning applications of fullerenes as PS for PDT. Figure 4.1 gives a schematic outline of the PDT applications that have been reported for fullerenes either pristine or functionalized with various solubilizing groups. 

Fig. 9.16 a) Schematic outline of the consecutive built-up of SAM/nanoparticle composites by means of charge interactions. Three different bis-benzamidines were used to serve as a linking layer, variing their alkyl chain... 

Recombinant DNA can be used to overcome a variety of potential problems in the industrial enzyme sector. A schematic outline of the types of problems encountered and the solutions by an rDNA program is shown in Figure 1. Basically, these problems can be divided into strict yield issues (making more of a given protein) and quality issues (making the product more useful). Because of the nature of the enzyme business, the highest return to the enzyme producer will usually come from increasing the value of the enzyme to the user. 

This substance undergoes degradation, oxidation, and cyclization reactions to form the first steroid "lanosterol", which is transformed into cholesterol after several steps. Schematic outlines of these biosynthetic pathways are well illustrated in the literature [56-59]. 

Figure 20.2. Schematic outline of typical pump-probe-detect experiments with femtosecond pulses, a molecular beam source, and mass spectrometric detection of transient species. Computer control and data processing instruments, as well as various optical components, are not shown. The time separation Af between pump and probe pulses is dictated by the difference in optical path lengths. Ad, traversed by the two components of the original pulse.

The taste cells are situated in the lingual epithelium with the apical membrane exposed to the mucosal surface of the oral cavity and the basal surface in contact with the nerve [interstitial fluid] [FIGURE 10]. Within the basolateral surface are the nerves which respond to the chemestiietic stimulants, i.e. direct nerve stimulation. The microvilli at the apical membrane contain receptor proteins which respond to sweeteners, some bitters and possibly coolants. The olfactory cells are bipolar neurons with dendritic ends containing cilia exposed to the surface and axons linked to the brain, where they synapse in the olfactory bulb. The transfer of information from this initial stimulus-receptor interaction to the brain processing centers involves chentical transduction steps in the membrane and within the receptor cells. The potential chemical interactions at the cell membrane and within the cell are schematically outlined in FIGURE 10. 

Mancoff (15) and Pentecost (16) have both described continuous filmcoating processes that have been primarily designed for pharmaceutical applications. The fundamental basis of such processes is as shown in the schematic outline described in Figure 18. 

Different strategies (I, II, III, and IV) for the synthesis of penams, the backbone of penicillins, are schematically outlined in Scheme 2. 

All of the analyses described above are used in a predictive mode. That is, given the molecular Hamiltonian, the sources of the external fields, the constraints, and the disturbances, the focus has been on designing an optimal control field for a particular quantum dynamical transformation. Given the imperfections in our knowledge and the unavoidable external disturbances, it is desirable to devise a control scheme that has feedback that can be used to correct the evolution of the system in real time. A schematic outline of the feedback scheme starts with a proposed control field, applies that field to the molecular system that is to be controlled, measures the success of the application, and then uses the difference between the achieved and desired final state to design a change that improves the control field. Two issues must be addressed. First, does a feedback mechanism of the type suggested exist Second, which features of the overall control process are most efficiently subject to feedback control ... 

Figure 7. A schematic outline of the available bound phase space. The shaded area is the region that is optically accessed. It is near the exit to the continuum. The ordinate refers to the angular quantum numbers of the electron. These can be changed primarily (but not only) by the external perturbations. The bottleneck for such changes is shown as a dashed line. The abscissa refers to the principal quantum number of the electron or to the rotational quantum number of the core. These two change in opposite directions due to the coupling to the cote.

Epitaxis on solid state phases should be viewed in relation to catalysis because both processes follow a similar reaction path. In Fig. 6, the main steps are schematically outlined. Based on data on the molecular configuration of catalytic processes... 

Fig. 3. Selection of sampling sites (Modified after Darnley et al. 1995). Schematic outline of sampling pattern and sampling pit for geochemical reference network. The sample pit applies to all residual soil locations. Deep sample (C) a 25 cm thick section within a depth range of 50 cm - 200 cm.

Figure 23.5 Overview of pathways for olfactory processing in the Drosophila brain. Schematic outline of major wiring principles in the olfactory system (not to scale).

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