Probability objective

The achievement of the IDAL does not imply achievement of the allocated Failure Probability Objective, and thus a failure probability carmot be claimed (or used in higher-level analysis) for DAL items within fault trees. 

To reach the probability objectives in management of beyond design basis accidents of the level prescribed in the Russian Federation regulations, the analysis of feasibility to introduce a number of systems is supposed to be performed at the WWER-1000 units under construction ... 

Gibson, J.J. (1957) Survival in a world of probable objects. Contemporary Psychology, 2 33-35. 

Scientists themselves frequently deploy more than one type of warrant as a guide to risk decision making. Despite its apparent distance from material experience in local sites, scientific knowledge makes sense only if scientists construct physically probable objects that conform to actual conditions underground. If representations fail to meet these expectations, both mathematical calculations and verbal conclusions must be adjusted to conform to the material possibilities of density, specific gravity, and the like. 

From standpoint of aims of the technical diagnostics (TD) it is necessary to select two probable states of the NDT objects (NDTO). The first, when defect in the material already has been formed might characterize as defective state of material (DSM). And second - when defect is not yet formed, but exist so changes in the spatial (volume) distribution (SD) of the physical-mechanical features (PMF) of the material, of its tense-deformed state (TDS), which under certain conditions will initiate defect origination. This is predefective state of material (PDSM). 

Recognition probability is the probability with which the object (indication) will be recognized in a certain presentation time. This probability increases with increasing visibility... 

The probability of finding a nucleic acid unit in the certain conformation according to our results is never equal to the unit. It agrees with the idea that NAs are not static but fluctuating, breathing , objects [23]. For example, in RNA molecule with 10 base pairs at the room temperature about 510 base pairs do not take part in the stacking and are not connected with H -bonds [2]. 

The Kohonen Self-Organizing Maps can be used in a. similar manner. Suppose Xj., k = 1,. Nis the set of input (characteristic) vectors, Wy, 1 = 1,. l,j = 1,. J is that of the trained network, for each (i,j) cell of the map N is the number of objects in the training set, and 1 and j are the dimensionalities of the map. Now, we can compare each with the Wy of the particular cell to which the object was allocated. This procedure will enable us to detect the maximal (e max) minimal ( min) errors of fitting. Hence, if the error calculated in the way just mentioned above is beyond the range between e and the object probably does not belong to the training population. 

Ten years ago we became interested in the possibility of using nitration as a process with which to study the reactivity of hetero-aromatic compounds towards electrophilic substitution. The choice of nitration was determined by the consideration that its mechanism was probably better imderstood than that of any other electrophilic substitution. Others also were pursuing the same objective, and a considerable amount of information has now been compiled. 

With these ideas in mind, we now turn to the question of evaluating the fraction of n-mers in a mixture as a function of p. The fraction of molecules of a particular type in a population is just another way of describing the probability of such a molecule. Hence our restated objective is to find the probability of an n-mer in terms of p. We symbolize this quantity P(n, p). Since the n-mer consists of n - 1 a s and 1 A, its probabiUty is the same as the probability of finding n - 1 a s and 1 A in the same molecule. Recalling from Chap. 1 how such probabilities are compounded, we write... 

The objective of the Flory-Krigbaum theory is to find a quantitative expression for the placement probability n(d) of the two coils as a function of their separation d. There are three stages to the derivation ... 

The use of the various tempera and of wax has been identified on objects dating back to ancient Egypt. The Eayum mummy portraits are beautiful examples of encaustic painting, ie, using molten wax as medium. A rather special variation was the technique used by the Romans for wall paintings. In these, the medium, referred to by Pliny as Punic wax, probably consisted of partially saponified wax. In Europe, wax ceased to be used by the ninth century. 

Temperature and Humidity. Temperature is probably the easiest environmental factor to control. The main concern is that the temperature remains constant to prevent the thermal expansions and contractions that are particularly dangerous to composite objects. Another factor regarding temperature is the inverse relation to relative humidity under conditions of constant absolute humidity, such as exist in closed areas. High extremes in temperature are especially undesirable, as they increase reaction rates. Areas in which objects are exhibited and stored must be accessible thus a reasonable temperature setting is generally recommended to be about 21°C. 

An objective of statistical analysis is to sei ve as a guide in decision making in the context of normal variation. In the case of the production supervisor, it is to make a decision, with a high probability of being correct, that something has in fact changed the operation. 

Normally the user provides the nature of a probable earthquake in the form of RRS, i.e. acceleration characteristic curves, period versus spectral acceleration, such as those in Figure 14.18. The first objective is to generate a signal which should be able to produce a time history, on a shake table, whose response spectra match those of the RRS. 

Since the objective of these processes is die formation of a smooth layer of the deposit, probably hne-grained, the efficiency considerations which apply to... 

Depolarization times greater than 48 hours should be allowed when applying the 100-mV criterion. Comparison of measured potentials is only possible where conditions of temperature and moisture are similar. Figure 19-8 shows the dependence on season and temperature which can probably be ascribed to different aeration. In repair work, potential probes should be provided at different places on the object to reduce IR errors in off potential measurements arising from equalizing currents. 

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