Detonation detonating explosives

Explosives. The pressure, P, generated by the detonating explosive that propels the prime plate is direcdy proportional to its density, p, and the square of the detonation velocity, (25) ... 

The propagation of a shock wave from a detonating explosive or the shock wave induced upon impact of a flyer plate accelerated, via explosives or with a gun, result in nearly steady waves in materials. For steady waves a shock velocity U with respect to the laboratory frame can be defined. Conservation of mass, momentum, and energy across a shock front can then be expressed as... 

DETONATION Explosion in which the flamefront advances at more than supersonic velocity. 

Secondary detonating explosive substance or black powder or article containing a secondary detonating explosive substance, in each case without means of initiation and without a propelling charge, or article containing a primary explosive substance and containing two or more independent safety features D... 

Chemical explosives detonate, or deflagrate. Detonating explosives (e.g., TNT or dynamite) rapidly decompose to produce high pressure and a shock front (travels faster than the velocity of sound). Deflagrating explosives (e.g., black and smokeless powders) bum fast, prodr er... 

Detonating explosives are primary or secondary. Primary explosives detonate by flame,... 

Knagge,/. cam, catch, tappet dog knot, snag. Knall, m. detonation explosion, report, crack, pop. 

Knallerbse, /, (Fireworks) torpedo, knallfahig, a. detonating, explosive. Knallflamme. /. oxyhydrogen flame. 

The three basic types of explosions to be concerned about in the chemical and petrochemical environment are combustion explosions (deflagrations), detonation explosions, and BLE 7Es or boiling-liquid expanding vapor explosions [38]. 

Detonation explosions are similar to combustion explosions and are exothermic reactions that proceed into the unreacted material at a velocity much greater than the speed of sound in an unreacted material and are accompanied by a flame front shock wave in the material followed closely by a combustion wave that releases the energy and sustains the shock wave at extremely high pressure [39] [40]. In hydrocarbons, the velocity can reach 6,000-9,000 ft/sec. 

Properties of Detonation Processes. See under Detonation, Explosion and Related Subjects in Vol 4, D137-L to D732-R... 

If the reaction order does not change, reactions with n < 1 wiU go to completion in finite time. This is sometimes observed. Solid rocket propellants or fuses used to detonate explosives can bum at an essentially constant rate (a zero-order reaction) until all reactants are consumed. These are multiphase reactions limited by heat transfer and are discussed in Chapter 11. For single phase systems, a zero-order reaction can be expected to slow and become first or second order in the limit of low concentration. 

These substances decompose rapidly to produce large volumes of gas. They are substances not classified as deflagrating or detonating explosives but exhibit violent decomposition when subject to heat. 

There are a variety of process safety risks one needs to assess with chemical processes. In general, these risks will lead to an evaluation of the potential for the process to have precipitous changes in temperature and or pressure that lead to secondary events such as detonations, explosions, over pressurizations, fires, and so forth. The most cost-effective way of avoiding these sorts of risks is through the adoption of inherent safety principles. Inherent safety principles are very similar to and complementary to pollution prevention principles, where one attempts to use a hierarchy of approaches to avoid and/or reduce the risk of an adverse event. The reader is referred elsewhere to a more complete treatment of this important area of process design. ... 

Nearly all recognized detonating explosives have oxygen balances between -100 and h-40. Any substance with an oxygen balance higher than -200 should be treated as potentially dangerous and explosibility testing for these compounds should be carried out. 

It is an unfortunate characteristic of propellants that they invariably bum to detonation if there is more than a critical depth of powder above the point of ignition. This depth depends greatly on the composition and on the grain size. It may vary from about 10 cm to several metres. In processing, the critical depth for the product being made is not exceeded unless full precautions for handling a detonating explosive are taken. 

Detonating fuse. A fuse with a core of detonating explosive. 

Mixtures of aluminium powder with liquid chlorine, dinitrogen tetraoxide or tetran-itromethane are detonable explosives, but not as powerful as aluminium-liquid oxygen mixtures, some of which exceed TNT in effect by a factor of 3 to 4 [1], Mixtures of the powdered metal and various bromates may explode on impact, heating or friction. Iodates and chlorates act similarly [2], Detonation properties of gelled slurries of aluminium powder in aqueous nitrate or perchlorate salt solutions have been studied [3], Reactions of aluminium powder with potassium chlorate or potassium perchlorate have been studied by thermal analysis [4],... 

Extremely shock-sensitive and violently explosive initiation has been caused by prolonged freezing at —196°C, or by sawing a stopcock off a metal trap containing trace amounts [1], It may be stored safely at — 80°C [2], Detonative explosion during trap-to-trap distillation of purified material is noted [3],... 

Mixtures of lithium hydride powder and liquid oxygen are detonable explosives of greater power than TNT. 

In the other type of test, the strength of the detonation (explosive power) is determined. Examples of methods for this type of test are the lead block test [139] and the ballistic mortar test [141]. Only the first type of test, which determines the possibility of a detonation, is discussed here. 

Detinning facilities, 21 405 DETOL process, 3 607 Detonating explosive materials, 10 720-721 effects for, 10 722t Detonation, 10 71... 

---