Explosions and Detonations

W. Vvn. 0. Sandus N. Slagg. Studies of Powder-Air Explosions and Detonations , PATR 4825 (1975)... 

Powder Explosions. See under Coal Dust Explosion Hazards from its Uses in Vol 3, C359-R Dust Explosions in Vol 5, D1578-R and Powder-Air Explosions and Detonations in this Vol... 

The same goes for treatments of aqueous solutions with 72% perchloric acid to obtain the anahydrous acid. Anhydride has to be added very slowly into the aqueous solution at a temperature that should not exceed 10°C otherwise the medium detonates. Generally speaking, it seems that the aqueous perchloric acid/acetic anhydride mixtures are explosive and detonate on impact. 

Condensation of the iron complex with cyclopentanone in perchloric acid-acetic anhydride-ether medium had been attempted. The non-crystalline residue, after methanol washing and drying in air for several weeks, exploded on being disturbed. This was attributed to possible presence of a derivative of ferrocenium perchlorate, a powerful explosive and detonator. However, methyl or ethyl perchlorates alternatively may have been involved. 

Crane Sh. L., University of California Press, Berkeley, California 1982 Los Alamos Shock Wave Profil Data. Hrsg. Morris, Ch. ., University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London 1982 Shock Waves, Explosions and Detonations, Hrsg. Bowen, J. Ft., Manson, N., Oppenheim, A. K. und Soloukhin, R. /., AIAA, New York 1983 (Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, Vol. 87)... 

Silver solutions used in photography can become explosive under a variety of conditions. Ammoniacal silver nitrate solutions, on storage, heating or evaporation eventually deposit silver nitride ( fulminating silver ). Silver nitrate and ethanol may give silver fulminate, and in contact with azides or hydrazine, silver azide. These are all dangerously sensitive explosives and detonators [1], Addition of ammonia solution to silver containing solutions does not directly produce explosive precipitates, but these are formed at pH values above 12.9, produced by addition of alkali, or by dissolution of silver oxide in ammonia [2]. 

Over several decades, extensive research has been undertaken on the fundamental theory and the mechanisms involved in detonation. Extensive information on this research is in the literature [10]. But of the three fundamental combustion phenomena — deflagration, explosion, and detonation — only detonation has not found exploitation in practical civilian or military applications to the extent that this phenomenon warrants. This is partly due to the fact that the science and technology involved is very complex due to the intense and fast energy release rates and their interaction with the confinement prescribed by the... 

Calorimeter and Calorimetry. See below under "Calorimetric Measurements in Combustion, Deflagration, Explosion and Detonation ... 

Combustion Burning), Explosion and Detonation of Gases, Vapors and Dusts. See Detonation, Explosion, Deflagration and Combustion of Gases, Vapors and Dusts... 

Ordnance Explosive Train Designers Handbook , NOLR 1111 (1952), p G1 2a) C.G. Dunkle, "Introduction to Theory of Detonation of Explosives , Lecture delivered at PicArsn on 13 Dec 1955, pp 1-14 (Definitions of detonation, detonation process and other terms) 3) Clark Hawley (1957), pp 293-95 ("Detonation , by W.H. Rtnkenbach) 370-71 (Explosives and Detonation, by M.A. Cook)... 

Laws governing explosion (and detonation) properties of dusts and vapors are the same as for "nonideal gases (See under "Detonation and Explosion of Gases )... 

At absolute zero the entropy of the system is zero (Refs la, p 265 7, pp 359-61 9, pp 67-8 10, pp 25-L 46-L) [See also Critical Energy of Impact in Detonation (and Explosion) and Detonation (and Explosion) Energy Relationships in]... 

Dunkle s Syllabus (1957-1958) Shock Tube Studies in Detonation (pp 123-25) Determination of Pressure Effect (144-45) Geometrical and Mechanical Influences (145-48) Statistical Effects of Sensitivity Discussion on Impact Sensitivity Evaluation (148-49) Pressure in the Detonation Head (175) Temperature of Detonation (176) Charge Density, Porosity, and Granulation (Factors Affecting the Detonation Process) (212-16) Heats of Explosion and Detonation (243-46) Pressures of Detonation (262-63) A brief description of Trauzl Block Test, Sand Test, Plate Dent Test, Fragmentation Test, Hess Test (Lead Block Crushing Test), Kast Test (Copper Cylinder Compression Test), Quinan. Test and Hop-kinson Pressure Bar Test (264-67) Detonation Calorimeters (277-78) Measurements... 

The above discussion dealt with application of shock tubes for inert media, but they can also be used for the study of high temperature reactions, as well as for deflagrations, explosions and detonations... 

The authors have felt in their own activity a need for a systematic survey of current experimental facts and data of real explosives as a complement to existing theoretical treatments of idealized explosives and detonation phenomena. The theoretical treatment has therefore been deliberately limited and is included mainly with the purpose of simplifying the account of experimental results... 

Because initiation is such a fundamental part of explosion and detonation phenomena various aspects of initiation have already been described in previous volumes and in this volume of the Encyclopedia. Particularly pertinent are the articles on Deflagration, Vol 3, pp D38-40 Detonation (and Explosion), Initiation and Propagation, Vol 4, pp D402-419 ... 

Brief mention was made earlier of the various explosion phenomena that are strongly dependent on the kinetics of the exothermic chemical processes involved in explosions and detonations. This matter will now be considered in more detail as follows ... 

The main ideas of Campbell et al (Ref 1 la) are best summarized by reference to the figure above (Fig 8 of Ref 11a). The entering shock heats and compresses the LE. After an induction time or delay of t, thermal explosion and detonation occur at the shock entry face where the LE has been hot longest. This de-... 

EXPLOSION HEATS OF FORMATION, COMBUSTION, DEFLAGRATION, EXPLOSION AND DETONATION. See Vol 4, pp D369-L to D384-R... 

EXPLOSION (AND DETONATION), INITIATION (BIRTH), AND PROPAGATION (GROWTH OR SPREAD) in EXPLOSIVE SUBSTANCES. See... 

Calorimetric measurements in combustion, deflagration, explosion and detonation 4D166... 

Today our knowledge of the specific heat and dissociation of gases at high temperatures has made extraordinary progress, primarily through the work of American scientists. However, even now, in order to solve a number of problems in high-temperature chemistry, analysis is needed of experimental data on phenomena of combustion, explosion and detonation. 

Brewer (2) indicated that the Tar Springs, Jackson, and Benoist Formations in the Illinois Basin responded when the voids in these low permeability formations were filled with explosives and detonated. Further, the Cleveland and Red Fork sands in Oklahoma were reported to have responded to NG1 shots in the formation. Data on individual tests and detailed results were not publicized. 

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