High explosive detonation

Kuyper, J. et al., J. Organomet. Chem., 1976, 107, 130 Highly explosive, detonated by heat or shock. 

This keynote paper gives a general discussion of blast waves developed by high explosive detonations, their effects on structures and people, and risk assessment methods. The properties of free-field waves and normally and obliquely reflected waves are reviewed. Diffraction around block shapes and slender obstacles is covered next. Blast and gas pressures from explosions within vented structures are sumnarized. 

Here, we concentrate on the gas pressures developed for high explosive detonations within vented and unvented enclosures, and these explosives plus nearby combustible materials. There is a voluminous literature on pressures and the effects of venting for confined explosions with only combustible gases and dusts in air, but that topic seems outside the scope of this book, and is not discussed here. 

SHIELD DESIGN. In the initial approach to operational shield design, the hydrostatic pressure that would result from the MCI in the shield is determined. For a high explosive detonated in a... 

Predictions of high explosive detonation based on the new approach yield excellent results. A similar theory for ionic species model43 compares very well with MD simulations. Nevertheless, high explosive chemical equilibrium calculations that include ionization are beyond the current abilities of the Cheetah code, because of the presence of multiple minima in the free energy surface. Such calculations will require additional algorithmic developments. In addition, the possibility of partial ionization, suggested by first principles simulations of water discussed below, also needs to be added to the Cheetah code framework. 

McLean, Virginia, (2006). Equation of State for High Explosive Detonation Products with Explicit Polar and Ionic Species. 

Design of petrochemical facilities for accidental explosions is similar in many ways to design of facilities Tor high explosive detonations, nuclear weapons effects and nuclear power accidents for which design guides arc available. However, blast design for petrochemical plants is different in that more structural damage may be tolerated, in accordance with a company s blast protection philosophy. 

By each of these methods the nitride is obtained as a brick-red amorphous powder which, when dry, is highly explosive, detonating violently on slight touch, forming a cloud of red selenium it is considerably more sensitive than mercury fulminate. 

Properties White crystals. M. P. 202°. One of the most powerful modern high explosives. Detonation rate (d = 1.60) 8400 m/sec. Has greater brisance than TNT. 

Rothstein, L. R., and Petersen, R., Predicting High Explosives Detonation Velocities from Their Composition and Structure, Propellants and Explosives, Vol. 4, No. 4, 1979. 

Highly explosive, detonates easily 3 - Explosive, less readily detonated 2 - Violently reactive but does not detonate... 

L. R. Rothstein and R. Petersen, Predicting High Explosive Detonation Velocities from their Composition and Structures , Propellants and Explosives, 4, 56 — 60 (1979). 

Explosive emulsions are minute droplets of ammonium nitrate solution emulsified to the texture of margarine in a fuel (often diesel). Because the ammonium nitrate remains in solution, it is not an explosive and maintains an inherent high degree of safety during transportation. Emulsions are sensitized just prior to use by the introduction of gas bubbles or glass microballoons which create voids around which ammonium nitrate solidifies (the explosive form). Initiation is caused by the shockwave of a high explosive detonator. 

Fuzes, a term often used synonymously with fuse, are devices which initiate high explosives (detonating fuze) or low explosives (igniting fuze) in projectile ammunition or pyrotechnics after launch, or which activate the main charge of a mine, bomb, or other nonprojectile ammunition. In addition to an explosive, fuzes incorporate some kind of mechanical or electronic initiation device ... 

Standard hazard analysis apply to nuclear weapon systems however, because of the political and military consequences of an unauthorized or accidental nuclear or high-explosive detonation, additional analyses are necessary to demonstrate positive control of nuclear weapons in all probable environments. The following analyses, in whole or in part, are performed ... 

---