Process System Explosions Detonations

Detonations produce much higher pressures than what be considered ordinary explosions. In most cases a process vessel or piping systems will be unable to contain detonation pressure. The only safe procedure is to avoid process system detonations is to preventing the formation of flammable vapor and air mixtures within vessels and piping systems. While the flame speed of explosions is at relatively slow speed, detonations travel at supersonic speeds and will be more destructive. 

Dynasafe is the tradename for a static kiln manufactured by Dynasafe AB, a Swedish company that designs and manufactures products for the containment of explosions, including mobile explosion containment vessels used by police departments and the Burster Detonation Vessel, used by the NSCMP at its Munitions Assessment and Processing System facility in Edgewood, Maryland.17... 

A metal plate ("driver ) of mild steel or brass was propelled explosively against a similar plate ("target ) on which was resting a sample layer of explosive backed by a further layer of an inert solid. When the driver plated velocity was sufficiently high, this process generated a steady "overdriven detonation wave in the explosive unless (or until) it was overtaken by the rarefaction from the rear of the driver plate. The shock transit times thru each layer of the system were measured to determine tne transmitted shock or detonation velocities. 

Turning to the detonation of condensed EM we note that in this case the study of the equation of state of a dense gas in which repulsion of molecules is more important than their thermal motion turned out to be non-trivial (see the fundamental work by L. D. Landau and K. P. Stanyukovich).29 Water-filled EM were studied by Yu. B. Khariton.30 At present A. N. Dremin is developing ideas on the specific influence of a shock wave on the kinetics of reaction in an EM.31 For gas-dispersion systems the structure of detonation waves has become the subject of numerous studies related to explosions of coal dust husks in grain elevators, gas suspensions of dust in wood processing, etc.32,33 34 5 Works on gas suspensions have also been published abroad.36,37 In gas suspensions we may expect that the reaction rate is determined by diffusion and depends weakly on the temperature. 

Not all was lost. The process provided valuable instruction relative to ignition devices, bridge wires, drop wires, insulation, and crimping. In an attempt to hold all variables to an absolute maximum, wc did not try to make more than one component at a time, and no experiments were done with match-lit fuze and cap systems. Safety fuze is extremely difficult to make at home, and a successful electric cap could always be changed over to safety fuze if necessary, we reasoned. In the course of the discovery process, we were able to expose a great many fables and old wives tales regarding detonating explosives. 

Lead styphnate. Lead styphnate, 13, also known as 2,4,6-trinitro-soreinate, is an explosive compound used to start the ignition-to-detonation process in the explosive sequence. It is stable at elevated temperatures and non-corrosive. The addition of graphite enhances its electrical conductivity in systems designed for electrical initiation. Dry lead styphnate is the most sensitive of the primary explosives to electrostatic discharge [6]. 

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