Explosions deflagration/detonation

The three basic types of explosions to be concerned about in the chemical and petrochemical environment are combustion explosions (deflagrations), detonation explosions, and BLE 7Es or boiling-liquid expanding vapor explosions [38]. 

Detonation by W.H. Rinkenbach) and 369-72 (Explosives, Pre-explosion reactions, Explosive deflagration, Detonation and Explosion... 

Chemical explosives detonate, or deflagrate. Detonating explosives (e.g., TNT or dynamite) rapidly decompose to produce high pressure and a shock front (travels faster than the velocity of sound). Deflagrating explosives (e.g., black and smokeless powders) bum fast, prodr er... 

This chapter describes the main features of vapor cloud explosions, flash fires, and BLEVEs. It identifies the similarities and differences among them. Effects described are supported by several case histories. Chapter 3 will present details of dispersion, deflagration, detonation, ignition, blast, and radiation. 

There is no standardized method for predicting or controlling runaw ay reaction that may lead to explosions (deflagrations or detonations), except possibly the Fauske approach (Figure 7-61). 

Over several decades, extensive research has been undertaken on the fundamental theory and the mechanisms involved in detonation. Extensive information on this research is in the literature [10]. But of the three fundamental combustion phenomena — deflagration, explosion, and detonation — only detonation has not found exploitation in practical civilian or military applications to the extent that this phenomenon warrants. This is partly due to the fact that the science and technology involved is very complex due to the intense and fast energy release rates and their interaction with the confinement prescribed by the... 

Calorimeter and Calorimetry. See below under "Calorimetric Measurements in Combustion, Deflagration, Explosion and Detonation ... 

Combustion Burning), Explosion and Detonation of Gases, Vapors and Dusts. See Detonation, Explosion, Deflagration and Combustion of Gases, Vapors and Dusts... 

Deflagration, Heat of. See under DETONATION (AND EXPLOSION), DEFLAGRATION (AND COMBUSTION), AND FORMATION, HEATS OF... 

Delay to Detonation, Explosion or Ignition, also known as Induction Period. See Detonation (and Explosion), Induction Period and also the discussion, which is given in the book of Baum, Stanyukovich Shekhter (1959), pp 24-30. A resume of this discussion is given here under Detonation (Explosion, Deflagration or Ignition) Temperature... 

The heat of explosion can be calculated or determined experimentally in special thick-walled bombs, as described under DETONATION (EXPLOSION, DEFLAGRATION, COMBUSTION AND FORMATION), HEATS OF... 

The above discussion dealt with application of shock tubes for inert media, but they can also be used for the study of high temperature reactions, as well as for deflagrations, explosions and detonations... 

Detonation (Explosion, Deflagration and Combustion), Stability and Instability of. 

Mathematical Theory of Thermal Explosions of Frank-Kamenetskii. See under Detonation (Explosion, Deflagration and Decomposition), Thermal Theories, and Thermochemistry of... 

Detonative (and Explosive) Combustion or Explosive Deflagration. The normal combustion of homogeneous gas mixts usually occurs at a rate which is governed by the multiple diffusion processes within and in the neighborhood of the flame front. These processes are leisurly, and the propagation rates or "flame speeds associated with such combstn are of the order of a few meters per second. In the latter part of the 19th century, however, the French scientists Berthelot Vieille (Ref 1),... 

Initiation of a military explosive (or propellant) to deflagration, explosion or detonation can be achieved either by ignition or by detonation. Ignition method is used for producing deflagration (See Vol 3, p D38-R)(Ref 48), such as in case of propellants and some low demolition explosives, while detonation method (See in this Vol,p D137ff) is used for... 

This distinction is more in kind than in degree. Small quantities of primary or initiating explosives usually detonate when exposed to flames or high temperatures whiie secondary explosives usually burn or deflagrate under these conditions. However under slightly altered conditions primary explosives can be made to deflagrate and secondary explosives can be made to detonate. Examples of primary explosives are Lead Azide, Mercury Fulminate, DDNP, etc Examples of secondary explosives are PETN, RDX, HMX, Tetryl, TNT, as single HE compns and Comp B, Comp C, PBX 9404, Dynamite ANFO (Ammonium Nitrate/Fuel Oil) as HE mixtures... 

Because initiation is such a fundamental part of explosion and detonation phenomena various aspects of initiation have already been described in previous volumes and in this volume of the Encyclopedia. Particularly pertinent are the articles on Deflagration, Vol 3, pp D38-40 Detonation (and Explosion), Initiation and Propagation, Vol 4, pp D402-419 ... 

EXPLOSION HEATS OF FORMATION, COMBUSTION, DEFLAGRATION, EXPLOSION AND DETONATION. See Vol 4, pp D369-L to D384-R... 

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