Salts polyphosphates

Inorganic salts (polyphosphate, silicates) Optical brighteners... 

Brines consisting of water, salt, polyphosphates, and SPIs or functional SPCs are prepared and pumped into muscle cuts using stitch pumps. Various domestic federal regulations apply for example, hams and corned beef can be pumped to achieve cooked yields of 130%, provided a minimum protein content of 17% is maintained. Reviews on meat pumping technology were prepared by Bonkowski (1989) and Rakes (1993). 

A newer self-intumescent phosphoric acid salt has been introduced by Albright WHson as Amgard EDAP, mainly as an additive for polyolefins. It is a finely divided soHd, mp 250°C, having a reported phosphoms content of 63 wt % as H PO. It appears to be the ethylenediamine salt of phosphoric acid (1 1). Unlike ammonium polyphosphate, it does not require a char-forming synergist (62). 

Sodium tripolyphosphate is produced by calcination of an intimate mixture of orthophosphate salts containing the correct overall Na/P mole ratio of 1.67. The proportions of the two anhydrous STP phases are controlled by the calcination conditions. Commercial STP typically contain a few percent of tetrasodium pyrophosphate and some trimetaphosphate. A small amount of unconverted orthophosphates and long-chain polyphosphates also may be present. 

The decomposition of dithionite in aqueous solution is accelerated by thiosulfate, polysulfide, and acids. The addition of mineral acid to a dithionite solution produces first a red color which turns yellow on standing subsequentiy, sulfur precipitates and evolution of sulfur dioxide takes place (346). Sodium dithionite is stabilized by sodium polyphosphate, sodium carbonate, and sodium salts of organic acids (347). 

The degree of concentration that can be achieved by RO may be limited by the precipitation of soluble salts and the resultant scaling of membranes. The most troublesome precipitate is calcium sulfate. The addition of polyphosphates to the influent will inhibit calcium sulfate scale formation, however, and precipitation of many of the other salts, such as calcium carbonate, can be prevented by pretreating the feed either with acid or zeolite softeners, depending on the membrane material. 

Oxoacids of phosphorus and their salts Table 12.10 Factors affecting the rate of polyphosphate degradation... 

The complex preparative interrelationships occurring in the sodium polyphosphate system are summarized in Fig. 12.21 (p. 531). Thus anhydrous NaH2p04, when heated to 170" under conditions which allow the escap>e of water vapour, forms the diphosphate Na2H2p207, and further dehydration at 250" yields either Maddrell s salt (closed system) or the cyclic trimetaphosphate (water vapour pressure kept low). Maddrell s salt converts from the low-temperature to the high-lemperaturc form above 300", and above 400" reverts to the cyclic... 

The higher elastic modulus (a measure of structure in solution) of rhamsan suggests that it should be superior to xanthan as a stabiliser. Rhamsan also has improved salt compatibility and is used in fertiliser suspension (high polyphosphates) and explosives (high ammonium nitrate). 

The sodium salts of these acids, sodium pyrophosphate (Na4 P2 O7) and sodium triphosphate (Nas P3 Oio), have been used widely in detergents. The polyphosphate anions are good additives for cleansing agents because... 

Many compositions involve environmentally dangerous products, such as chromates, fatty amines of high molecular weights, imidazolines, etc. The use of some of the alternatives, for instance, polyphosphate or polyphosphonate, is limited because they precipitate in the presence of the salts of alkaline earth metals or because of their high costs. 

Scale inhibitors are used to prevent the formation of insoluble calcium salts when the drilling fluid contacts formation minerals and saline formation waters. Commonly used scale inhibitors include sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, polyacrylates, polyphosphates, and phosphonates. 

The presence of salts and additives can have an important influence on the performance of an FBA. Traces of transition-metal ions such as iron and copper have an adverse effect on fluorescence [30], but this can be controlled using conventional polyphosphate or EDTA-type sequestering agents [31]. Other salts, even sodium sulphate or sodium chloride, have been claimed to enhance the fluorescence of FBAs in solution [32]. Apart from the normal... 

The experimental weight loss in the first and second step (4.0 and 4.5% respectively) is in agreement with that corresponding to condensation to pyrophosphate (4.0%) and polyphosphate (4.2X, n 1). Furthermore, the IR spectra of melamine phosphate and of the residues at 300 and 330 C (Figure 14 spectra A, B and C respectively) show that besides the typical bands of phosphate salts (950-1300 cm-1) which are present in the three spectra, a new absorption due to P-O-P bonds (ca. 890 cm-1) appears in the spectra of the residues. The absorptions due to melamine salt structures (e.g. 780-790 and 1450-1750 cm ) are closely similar in the three spectra of Figure 14. Fire retardants based on melamine pyrophosphate and polyphosphate are reported in the literature 51 as well as methods for preparation of these salts (25-... 

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