French engineering

Stodola in his great book of 1925 [4] describes several gas turbines for power generation, and Whittle spent much time studying this work carefully. Stodola tells how in 1904, two French engineers, Armengaud and Lemale, built one of the first gas turbines, but it did little more than turn itself over. It appears they used some steam injection and the small work output produced extra compressed air-but not much. The overall efficiency has been estimated at 2-3% and the effective work output at 6-10kW. 

In the 1820s, another French engineer, Jean Victor Poncelet, working from Borda s theory, designed an undershot vertical wheel with curved blades. Water entered the wheel from below without impact by gently flotving up the curved blades. It then reversed itself, flowed back down the curved blades, and departed the wheel with no velocity relative to the wheel itself. Theoretically the wheel had an efficiency of 100 percent practically, it developed 60 percent to 80 percent, far higher than a traditional undershot wheel. 

In the late 1820s another French engineer, Benoit Fourncyroti, applied the ideas of Borda and Poncelet to horizontal v ater wheels. Fourneyron led water into a stationary inner wheel equipped with fixed. 

French engineer Nicholas-Joseph Cugnot builds his steam road-carriage. 

The first nonrigid, powered, manned airship is flown by its builder, French engineer Henri Giffard this marks the beginning of the practical airship. 

The development of positive displacement downhole motors began in the late 1950s. The initial development was the result of a United States patent filed by W. Clark in 1957. This downhole motor was based on the original work of a French engineer, Rene Monineau, and is classified as a helimotor. The motor is actuated by drilling mud pumped from the surface. There are two other types of positive displacement motors that have been used, or are at present in use today the vane motor and the reciprocating motor. However, by far the most widely used positive displacement motor is the helimotor [79,83]. 

This equation is known as the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Rudolph Clausius (1822-1888) was a prestigious nineteenth-century German scientist B. P. E. Clapeyron (1799-1864), a French engineer, first proposed a modified version of the equation in 1834. 

A third version of the Second Law, called the Carnot principle after the French engineer, Sadi Carnot, also deals with engine performance. It states that ... 

Two of the fundamental concepts of thermodynamics are heat and work. People once thought that heat was a separate substance, a fluid called caloric, which flowed from a hot substance to a cooler one. The French engineer Sadi Carnot... 

FIGURE 12.21 A commercial dry cell. The dry cell is also called the Leclanche cell, for Georges Leclanche, the French engineer who invented it in about 1866. The electrolyte is a moist paste. 

The first zinc-carbon cell made in 1876 by the French engineer G.-L. Leclanchd was a glass jar containing an aqueous solution of ammonium chloride into which were immersed an amalgamated zinc rod (the negative electrode) and a porous... 

This equation was originally arrived at by the French Engineer Sadi Carnot in 1824 during his investigation on the efficiency of heat engines. In terms of the heat and the entropy changes in the system, the second law may be expressed as follows ... 

The Carnot cycle is of historical importance. The reversible cycle was introduced by a French engineer N.S. Carnot in 1824 and led to the development of the second law of thermodynamics. The importance of the Carnot cycle is that it sets up a standard thermal cycle performance for the actual cycles to compare with. 

Teflon can withstand temperatures as high as 1000 "F, and it begins to soften at 620 F, which can be a problem in heated kitchen stovetops. The bonding of Teflon to metallic surfaces was accomplished by the French engineer Marc Gregoire, who etched... 

Rene Lorin, a French engineer, made detailed drawings of a proposed ramjet engine... 

Carnot s prescient pamphlet, apparently distributed only among a small circle of friends, remained unknown in the scientific literature for about a decade. Fortunately, its content and value were recognized by fellow French engineer Emile Clapeyron, who built on its concepts and extended its methods, including, for example, the first graphical PV representation of the Carnot cycle. Clapeyron s 1834 paper was the means by which Carnot s discoveries first became known to William Thomson, who made them the centerpiece of his own later work on thermodynamic theory. 

Claude Louis Marie Henri Navier, 1785-1836. French engineer, professor in Paris. 

Equation (3) was first derived by a French engineer Clapeyron in 1834. It gives the variation of the equilibrium pressure (P) with temperature (7) for any two phases of a given substance. 

Henry Darcy, a French engineer, conducted experiments in 1856 in which he measured the flow velocity of water through a sand-filled tube. He found that the flow velocity (V) is directly proportional to the difference in hydraulic head (Ah), and is inversely proportional to the flow distance (Al) ... 

Gustave Eiffel, the French engineer who designed the ingenious support structure, knew from experience that if the copper touched the iron framework, the more active iron would corrode very rapidly. 

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