Dermatological

Rheumatic disorders and coUagen diseases Ophthalmic, otic, and nasal disorders Dermatologic diseases Respiratory diseases... 

The principal OTC pharmaceutical products include cold remedies, vitamins and mineral preparations, antacids, analgesics, topical antibiotics, antiftingals and antiseptics, and laxatives. Others include suntan products, ophthalmic solutions, hemorrhoidal products, sleep aids, and dermatological products for treatment of acne, dandmff, insect parasites, bums, dry skin, warts, and foot care products (11). More recent prescription-to-OTC switches have included hydrocortisone, antihistamine and decongestant products, antiftingal agents, and, as of 1995, several histamine H2-receptor antagonists. 

Monobasic aluminum acetate (eg, aluminum subacetate), aluminum formoacetate, normal aluminum formate, and basic aluminum formate have found widespread use as mordants in dyeing, in the formulation of waterproofing compositions for textiles, and for dermatological treatment. 

Monobasic aluminum acetate is dispensed as a 7% aqueous solution for the topical treatment of certain dermatological conditions, where a combination of detergent, antiseptic, astringent, and heat-dispersant effects are needed (12). The solution, diluted with 20—40 parts water, is appHed topically to the skin and mucous membranes as a wet dressing (13). Burrow s solution, prepared from aluminum subacetate solution by the addition of a specific amount of acetic acid, is also used as a topical wet dressing. Standards of purity and concentration have been estabHshed for both pharmaceutical aluminum acetate solutions (13). Each 100 mL of aluminum subacetate solution yields 2.30—2.60 g of aluminum oxide and 5.43—6.13 g of acetic acid upon hydrolysis. For the Burow s solution, each 100 mL yields 1.20—1.45 g of aluminum oxide and 4.25—5.12 g of acetic acid. Both solutions may be stabilized to hydrolysis by the addition of boric acid in amounts not to exceed 0.9% and 0.6% for the subacetate and Burow s solutions, respectively (13). 

C. Gloxhuber and K. Kunslter, eds.. Anionic Sufactants Biochemisty, Toxicology, Dermatology, Sufactant Science Series, Vol. 43, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1992. 

Vitamin A constitutes the most significant sector of the commercial retinoid market and is used primarily in the feed area. In the pharmaceutical area, there are several important therapeutic dermatologic agents which stmcturaHy resemble vitamin A and they are depicted in Figure 2 (see Pharmaceuticals). The carotenoids as provitamin A compounds also represent an important commercial class of compounds with P-carotene [7235-40-7] (10) occupying the central role (Fig. 3) (9). 

Grease Refining and Fractionation. Lanolin to be used in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics must conform to strict requirements of purity, such as those in the U.S. and British Pharmacopoeias (181,182). These include specifications for the maximum allowable content of free fatty acids, moisture, ash, and free chloride. Lanolin intended for certain dermatological appHcations may have to meet further specifications in relation to free-alcohol and detergent contents (183,184). 

Most polymyxin B sold for human use in the United States is in dermatological, otic, and ophthalmic preparations that usually contain one or more other spectmm extending antibacterials such as bacitracin, neomycin sulfate [1404-04-2], C23H4gNg023, linear gramicidin, oxytetracycline [79-57-2],... 

In medicine, the internal uses of benzoic acid are relatively unimportant. Its principal medicinal use is external it is used in dermatology as an antiseptic stimulant and irritant. Combined with salicyLic acid [69-72-7] benzoic acid is employed in the treatment of ringworm of the scalp and other skin diseases (Whitfield s ointment). 

The NF and reagent grades are employed in the pharmaceutical industry which makes use of benzyl alcohol s local anesthetic, antiseptic, and solvent properties (17—20). It also finds use in cough symps and drops ophthalmic solutions bum, dental (21), and insect repeUant solutions and ointments and dermatological aerosol sprays. It is used in nail lacquers and as a color developer in hair dyes by the cosmetics industry (22), and in acne treatment preparations (23). 

Chloracne and related skin problems have been observed in several groups of workers and it was suggested that the ak concentrations of commercial PCBs >0.2 mg/m were associated with this effect (62). It was also reported that after occupational exposure to PCBs was terminated there was a gradual decrease in the severity and number of dermatological problems in the exposed workers, and this paralleled a decrease in thek semm levels of PCBs (61). 

Sulfur has long been known for its properties as a pesticide and a curative agent. Homer spoke of the pest-averting sulfur as far back as 800—1000 BC, Hippocrates (400 Bc) considered sulfur sa an antidote against plague, and Dioscorides (100 ad) used sulfur ointment in dermatology (244). In 1803, the use of a lime—sulfur protective treatment for fmit trees was reported, and in 1850 sulfur dust was used to protect foHage (245). In 1891 sulfur dust was used on soil to control onion smut (246). 

S. Pregert, in H. I. Maibach and G. A. Gellin, eds.. Occupational and Industrial Dermatology, Year Book Medical PubUshers, Chicago, 1982, pp. 

J. S. Taylor, Dermatologic Hazards from Ethylene Oxide 19, 189—192 (1977). 

Anionic Surfactants Biochemistry, Toxicology, Dermatology, edited by Christian Gloxhuber (see Volume 43)... 

Haut-krankheit, /. skin disease, -krebs, m. cancer of the skin, epithelioma, -lehre, /. dermatology, -leim, m. glue (or size) from hides, -pulver, n. hide powder, -reaktton /,... 

Therapeutic Function Dermatological Chemical Name Selenium sulfides Common Name —... 

Consideration of hygiene (toxicological, dermatological and respiratory effects) ... 

Samitz, M. H. and Katz, S. A. Nickel Dermatitis Hazards from Prostheses , British Journal of Dermatology, 92, 287-290 (1975)... 

Antifungal drugs are classified according to their mode of action and/or their chemical class. Four chemical classes have mainly contributed to the actual armentory of antifungal drugs the broadest class is the one of azoles (imidazoles and triazoles), followed by polyenes, allylamines and morpholines. Some individual compounds are used in dermatology. 

Reha Klinik Neuharlingersiel, Interdisciplinary Center for Dermatology, Pneumology and Allergology, Neuharlingersiel, Germany... 

Future generations of such receptor subtype-selective retinoids or also retinobenzoic acids [3] may provide clinicians with more specific and less toxic diugs for dermatologic therapy. 

Retinoids. Table 1 Indications and mode of administration of commercially available retinoids in dermatological therapy... 

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