Hybridization deoxyribonucleic acid

Verger, J.-M., Grimont, F., Grimont, P.A.D., Grayon, M. 1985. Brucella, a monospecific genus as shown by deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization. Int. J. Syst. Bactiol. 35 292-295. 

Kang, B., Pearton, S., Chen, X, Ren, E, Johnson, J.,Therrien, R., Rajagopal, P, Roberts, X, Finer, E. and Linthicum, K. (2006) Electrical detection of deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization with AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors , App//ed Physics Letters, 89(12). 

Wang H, Zhang C, Li Y, Qi H (2006) Electrogenerated chemiluminescence detection for deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization based on gold nanoparticles carrying multiple probes. Anal Chim Acta 575(2) 205-211. doi 10.1016/j.aca.2006.05.080... 

The benefits of modifying EIS structures with LbL films to achieve biosensors with improved performance was also reported by Abouzar et al., who observed an amplification of the signal response upon alternating layers of polyelectrolytes and enzymes as gate membranes on the p-Si-Si02 EIS structure [99]. A new variant of EIS sensors has been produced, which comprised an array of individually addressable nanoplate field-effect capacitive biochemical sensors with an SOI (silicon-on-insulator) stmcture to determine pH and detect penicillin. It also allows for the label-free electrical monitoring of formation of polyelectrolyte multilayers and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)-hybridization event [100]. 

Berkower, I., Leis, J., and Hurwitz, J. (1973) Isolation and characterization of an endonuclease from Escherichia coli specific for ribonucleic acid in ribonucleic acid deoxyribonucleic acid hybrid structures J Biol C/iem. 248,5914-5921... 

Baker SE, Cai W, Lasseter TL, Weidkamp KP, Hamers RJ (2002) Covalently bonded adducts of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) oligonucleotides with single-wall carbon nanotubes Synthesis and hybridization. Nano Lett. 2 1413-1417. 

Wood et al. (1991) have used the Southern hybridization method for detecting DNA amplification and a possible structural rearrangement of the HER-2/nen oncogene in 1 of 12 bladder tumors. Amplification of this oncogene in the tumor was sixfold that of oncogene found in placental DNA. Approximately 36% of the tumors studied overexpressed HER-2 mRNA, which was 3- to 38-fold that of normal urothelium. HER-2 overexpression occurred in superficial and invasive tumors. Deoxyribonucleic acid amplification occurs infrequently in bladder carcinoma, in contrast to its occurrence in some other carcinomas. Immunohistochemical analysis has shown that pi85 HER-2 polyclonal antibody is specific for HER-2 protein overexpression in bladder carcinoma. This study was carried out prior to the use of Herceptin. 

Figure 7.5 Example of a chimeric oligonucleic acid and its modification. Chimeric RNA-DNA hybrids are used for correction of point mutations in target genes. One strand of this oligonucleic acid is composed of O-methyl-RNA (outline) with an interruption of 5 bases of deoxyribonucleic acid. X and Y are target residues for correction. In the complementary strand, there is a DNA nick, and T residues loop both ends. 3 -exonuclease and FEN-1 may act on the nick, PARP-1 possibly binds to and is activated by the nick, resulting in activation of damage response pathways. In the modified version, the 3 end is replaced by ribonucleic acids. The 5 end is extended, and the flipped back RNA tail is added. Thus, the nick is expected to be resistant to 3 -exonuclease and FEN-1. In addition, PARP-1 may not be activated by such a nick.

Likely test Oligonucleotide probe. After chorionic villus sampling is performed, a radioactive probe can be used and hybridized with specific genetic mutations in the fetus deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), allowing for prompt detection and prenatal diagnosis. 

CNTs present good electrical communication, which renders feasible the electron transfer from protein to the electrode. For this reason many laboratories have turned their scientific interests in the fabrication of CNT-modified electrodes onto which enzymes or nucleic acids are immobilized. As it can be seen from Table 2.3, most of the works in the field of CNT-protein conjugates are about the development of new biosensors. CNT-biosensors have shown efficient electrical communications and promising sensitivities required for applications as antigen recognition, enzyme-catalyzed reactions and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) hybridizations [124]. The presence of CNTs facilitates the transportation of the signal from the enzyme to the electrode. The use of CNT-modified electrodes permits... 

Figure 2.31 Schematic diagram of the immobilization and hybridization of DMA on Au/ nanoPAN/GCE. (Reprinted with permission from Analytica Chimica Acta, Enhanced Sensitivity for deoxyribonucleic acid electrochemical impedance sensor Gold nanoparticle/polyaniline nanotube membranes by Y. Eeng, T. Yang, W. Zhang, C. Jiang and K. Jiao, 616, 2, 144-151. Copyright (2008) Elsevier Ltd) (See colour Plate 1)...

In particular, the unique properties of polypyrrole-carbon nanotubes allowed the detection of hybridization reactions with complementary deoxyribonucleic acid sequences via a decrease in impedance [115], Alternatively, similar deoxyribonucleic acid sensors have been created from a composite of polypyrrole and carbon nanotube functionalized with carbon groups to covalently immobilize deoxyribonucleic acid into carbon nanotubes [116, 117]. Carbon nanotubes have also been incorporated into biosensors as nanotube arrays into which enzymes can be immobilized, along with a conducting polymer [118] and a polypyrrole dopan [119]. In general, the presence of carbon nanotubes tends to increase the overall sensitivity and selectivity of biosensors. 

Garvie, E.I. 1976. Hybridization between the deoxyribonucleic acids of some strains of heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria. Int. J. Sys. Bacteriol. 26 116-122. 

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