Lactic acid bacteria heterofermentative

Figure 13.4 The phosphoketolase pathway used by heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria. (Adapted from Stanier et al. 1970 and Gottschalk 1979.)...

Mellerick, D. and Cogan, T. M. 1981. Induction of some enzymes of citrate metabolism in Leuconostoc lactis and other heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria. J. Dairy Res. 48, 497-502. 

MANNITOL PRODUCTION BY HETEROFERMENTATIVE LACTIC ACID BACTERIA 393... 

Figure 21.2. Pathway of glucose and fructose (1 2) metabolism by heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria.

Racine, E, and Saha, B. C. 2006. Fed-batch and continuous production of mannitol by a heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria. In McKeon, M., and Barton, F. II (Eds.), Proc. United States—Japan Cooperative Program in Natural Resources Food and Agriculture Panel Meeting, Sonoma, CA (pp. BT13-BT17). 

Schillinger, U., Boehringer, B., Wallbaum, S., Caroline, L., Gonfa, A., Huch (nee Kostinek), M., et al. (2008). A genus-specific PCR method for differentiation between Leuconostoc and Weissella and its application in identification of heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria from coffee fermentation. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 286, 222-226. 

The most efficient preservation is achieved by the action of heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria. 

Various microbes including filamentous fungi and yeasts have a pentose catabolism involving phosphoketolase (PK), which is called the PK pathway . In addition, heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria including the genera... 

Phosphoketolase is involved in special types of pentose catabolism of fungi and yeasts, and the central fermentative pathway of commensal heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria. 

Many heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria have the ability to produce energy through the utilization of arginine in formation of ornithine, NH3, CO2, and ATP (Fig. 2.6). The ability of lactic acid bacteria to produce ammonia from arginine can be determined using the method outlined in Section 15.4.1. 

Figure 2.6. Formation of ornithine, ammonia, and carbon dioxide from arginine by some heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria.

As stated previously, many heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria gain additional energy by converting acetyl phosphate to acetate instead of ethanol. Although an additional ATP can be produced, the cell requires regeneration of NAD, a process achieved using an alternative electron acceptor, fructose (Wisselink et al., 2002). The reduction of fructose to mannitol by lactic acid bacteria catalyzed by mannitol dehydrogenase is shown in Fig. 2.8. 

El-Gendy, S.M., H. Abdel-Galil, Y. Shahin, and F.Z. Hegazi. 1983. Acetoin and diacetyl production hy homo- and heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria. J. Food Prot. 46 420-425. 

Garvie, E.I. 1976. Hybridization between the deoxyribonucleic acids of some strains of heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria. Int. J. Sys. Bacteriol. 26 116-122. 

Unripe cucumbers, after addition of dill herb and, if necessary, other flavoring spices (vine leaf, garlic or bay leaf), are placed into 4-6% NaCl solution or are sometimes salted dry. Usually, the salt solution is poured on the cucumbers in a barrel and then allowed to ferment and, if necessary, glucose is added. Fermentation takes place at 18-20 °C and yields lactic acid, CO2, some volatile acids, ethanol and small amounts of various aroma substances. Homo-and heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria Uke Lactobacillus plantarum, L. brevis and Pediococ-... 

Sorbic acid can be converted to 2-ethoxy-3,5-hexadiene by heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria. In concentrations of 0.1 m/1, this corr5>ound produces a geranium note. 

Heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria produce l- and D-lactic acids, ethanol, carbon dioxide and a small amount of acetic acid from glucose and fructose. Sugars are phosphorylated in the bacterial cells glucose to P-D-glucose 6-phosphate by glucokinase and fructose usually to D-fructose 1-phosphate by fructokinase. 

Figure 8.42 Mechanism of heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria fermentation (P = phosphate residue).

---