Delta cells

Q13 The pancreas produces hormones in areas of endocrine tissue the islets of Langerhans. The major hormones are insulin, from the beta-cells (/0-cells), and glucagon, from alpha-cells (a-cells). Delta cells produce somatostatin. 

Somatostatin Central nervous system, pancreatic delta cells, and enteroendocrine delta cells 1. Inhibits secretion of insulin, glucagon and PP (islets), and gastrin, secretin, GLP-1, and GLP-2 (in gut) 2. Reduces carbohydrate absorption from gut lumen 1. Luminal nutrients 2. GLP-1 3. GIP 4. PACAP 5. VIP 6. Beta-adrenergic stimulation... 

Homeostatic Hormones. Insulin is produced by beta cells found in the islets of Langerhans that are dispersed throughout the pancreas. The islet cells constitute only 1% of total pancreatic tissue. Each islet contains about 3000 endocrine cells with a core of beta cells surrounded by other endocrine cells such as the glucagon-secreting alpha cells, the somatostatin-secreting delta cells, and the pancreatic polypeptide-secreting PP cells. The beta cells first synthesize a 109-amino-acid preproinsulin that is subsequently processed to an 86-amino-acid proinsulin. The... 

These are a subset of sensory neurons having their cell bodies (small to medium size) in dorsal root and in cranial nerve ganglia and possessing nonmyelinated (C-type) or thinly myelinated (A-delta type) fibres. This subset of neurons express transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1, or vanilloid, or capsaicin receptor) that is excited by capsaicin, the pungent ingredient of chilli. These neurons have been classified as polymodal nociceptors because they can be excited by various noxious stimuli. 

Freedman, M.S., Ruijs, T.C., Selin, L.K., Antel, J.P. (1991). Peripheral blood gamma delta T cells lyse fresh human brain derived oligodendrocytes. Ann. Neurol. 30, 794-800. 

Selmaj, K., Brosnan, C.F., Raine, C.S. (1991). Colocalization of lymphocytes bearing gamma delta T-cell receptor and heat shock protein hsp65 oligodendrocytes in multiple sclerosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 6452-6456. 

Wang T, Scully E, Yin Z, Kim JH, Wang S, Yan J, Mamula M, Anderson JF, Craft J, Fikrig E (2003a) IFN-gamma-producing gamma delta T cells help control murine West Nile virus infection. J Immunol 171 2524-2531... 

Poggi A, Carosio R, Fenoglio D et al (2004) Migration of V delta 1 and V delta 2 T cells in response to CXCR3 and CXCR4 ligands in healthy donors and HIV-1-infected patients competition by HlV-1 Tat. Blood 103 2205-2213... 

Suzuki S, Chuang LE, Yau P, Doi RH, Chuang RY (2002b) Interactions of opioid and chemokine receptors oligomerization of mu, kappa, and delta with CCR5 on immune cells. Exp Cell Res 280 192-200... 

Cunningham, F. and Schiff, J., Photoisomerization of delta-carotene stereoisomers in cells of Euglena gracillis mutant W3BUL and in solution, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 42, 295, 1985. 

Delta receptors are relatively selective for two related penta-peptides, methionine enkephalin and leucine enkephalin (met- and leu-enkephalin), which were isolated from porcine brain (Hughes 1975). Both met- and leu-enkephalin inhibit electrically induced contractions of guinea pig ileum, an effect that mimics those effects seen with opioid drugs, and is naloxone reversible. The enkephalins are processed posttranslational ly from proenkephalin, and secreted from central and peripheral neurons and endocrine cells in the adrenal medulla. 

Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type Enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma Hepatosplenic gamma-delta T-cell lymphoma Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma Mycosis fungoides/sezary syndrome... 

Benes CH, Wu N, Elia AE, Dharia T, Cantley LC, Soltoff SP. The C2 domain of protein kinase C-delta is a phosphotyrosine binding domain. Cell 2005 121 (2) 271-280. 

Finally, Santiago et al. (47) demonstrated that lymphocyte chemoattraction induced by rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid is independent of CCR5. They showed that T cells from individuals with CCR5 delta 32 mutation (a 32-base-pair frameshift deletion resulting in absent CCR5 expression) migrate normally to chemokines present in the synovial fluids of RA patients (47). 

PLATELETS. Platelets are nonnucleated discoid or elliptical cells that originate from the fragmentation of giant polyploid megakaryocytes located in the bone marrow. The average diameter of the platelet is 1.5 pm. Each platelet is surrounded by a trilaminar membrane, and its cytoplasm contains a dense body (delta granule), a surface-connected canalicular system,... 

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