Dehydration vomiting

Several factors predispose to lithium toxicity, including sodium restriction, dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea, drug interactions that decrease lithium clearance, heavy exercise, sauna baths, hot weather, and fever. Patients should be told to maintain adequate sodium and fluid intake and to avoid excessive coffee, tea, cola, and other caffeine-containing beverages and alcohol. 

The most frequently reported serious adverse events reported with cancer chemotherapy patients included death, fever, pneumonia, dehydration, vomiting, and dyspnea. The most commonly reported adverse events were fatigue, edema, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, and dyspnea. The most frequently reported reasons for discontinuation of darbepoetin alfa were progressive disease, death, discontinuation of the chemotherapy, asthenia, dyspnea, pneumonia, Gl hemorrhage, thrombotic events, rash, dehydration. 

Before the first dose of an amebicide is given, the nurse records the patient s vital signs and weight. The nurse evaluates the general physical status of the patient and looks for evidence of dehydration, especially if severe vomiting and diarrhea have occurred. 

If the patient is acutely ill or has vomiting and diarrhea, the nurse measures the fluid intake and output and observes the patient closely for signs of dehydration. If dehydration is apparent, the nurse notifies the primary health care provider. If the patient is or becomes dehydrated, oral or IV fluid and electrolyte replacement may be necessary. The nurse takes vital signs every 4 hours or as ordered by the primary health care provider. 

Remember to take lithium with food or immediately after meals to avoid stomach upset. Drink at least 10 large glasses of fluid each day and add extra salt to food. Prolonged exposure to the sun may lead to dehydration. If any of the following occurs, do not take the next dose and immediately notify the primary health care provider diarrhea, vomiting, fever, tremors, drowsiness, lack of muscle coordination, or muscle weakness. 

Immediately report the occurrence of the following adverse reactions severe vomiting, dehydration, changes in neurologic functioning, or yellowing of the skin or eyes. 

Dehydration is a serious concern in the patient experiencing nausea and vomiting. It is important to observe... 

Magnesium-containing antacids—severe diarrhea, dehydration, and hypermagnesemia (nausea, vomiting, hypotension, decreased respirations)... 

Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, bone tenderness or pain, polyuria, polydipsia, constipation, dehydration, muscle weakness and atrophy, stupor, coma, cardiac arrest... 

Very large doses can cause vomiting, diarrhea, and prostration. Dehydration and congestion occur in most internal organs. Hypertonic solutions can produce violent inflammatory reactions in the gastrointestinal tract. 

Treatment of distal intestinal obstruction syndrome (DIOS) consists of oral or nasogastric administration of polyethylene glycol electrolyte (PEG) solutions. Enemas may also be used to facilitate stool clearance. IV fluids are often required to correct dehydration due to vomiting or decreased oral intake. Re-evaluation of enzyme compliance and dosing is essential to prevent further episodes. Patients with recurrent symptoms may require daily PEG administration (Miralax ).5 Severe presentations of DIOS or initial meconium ileus may require surgical resection. 

A similar classification scheme is used to gauge the severity of active CD.2 Patients with mild to moderate CD are typically ambulatory and have no evidence of dehydration, systemic toxicity, loss of body weight, or abdominal tenderness, mass, or obstruction. Moderate to severe disease is considered in patients who fail to respond to treatment for mild to moderate disease, or those with fever, weight loss, abdominal pain or tenderness, vomiting, intestinal obstruction, or significant anemia. Severe to fulminant CD is classified as the presence of persistent symptoms or evidence of systemic toxicity despite outpatient corticosteroid treatment, or presence of cachexia, rebound tenderness, intestinal obstruction, or abscess. 

With complex and prolonged nausea and vomiting, patients may show signs of malnourishment, weight loss, and dehydration (dry mucous membranes, skin tenting, tachycardia, and lack of axillary sweat). 

Dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and acid-base disturbances may be evident in complex and prolonged nausea and vomiting. 

Profuse or prolonged vomiting can lead to complications of dehydration and metabolic abnormalities. Patients must have adequate hydration and electrolyte replacement orally (if tolerated) or intravenously to prevent and correct these problems. Some pharmacologic treatments work locally in the GI tract (e.g., antacids and prokinetic agents), whereas others work in the central nervous system (e.g., antihistamines and antiemetics).1... 

Patients with complex nausea and vomiting may have mal-nourishment, dehydration, and electrolyte abnormalities. 

Children are more susceptible to dehydration (particularly when vomiting occurs) and may require medical attention early in their course, especially if younger than the 3 years of age. Physician intervention is also necessary for elderly patients who are sensitive to fluid loss and electrolyte changes due to concurrent chronic illness. 

Monitor for the maintenance of hydration, particularly when symptoms continue for more than 48 hours. Look for increasing thirst, decreased urination, dark-colored urine, dry mucous membranes, and rapid heartbeat as suggestive of dehydration, especially when nausea and vomiting have been present. 

Hyperemesis gravidarum A rare disorder of severe and persistent nausea and vomiting during pregnancy that can result in dehydration, malnutrition, weight loss, and hospitalization. 

Signs and Symptoms Abdominal pain, cramps, diarrhea, fever, vomiting, tenesmus, and blood, pus, or mucus in stools. Infections also cause mucosal ulceration, rectal bleeding, drastic dehydration. Serious less frequent complications include sepsis, seizures, convulsions, rectal prolapse, toxic megacolon, intestinal perforation, renal failure, and hemolytic uremic syndrome. 

Signs and Symptoms Vomiting is a prominent early manifestation of the disease followed rapidly by abdominal cramps with profuse watery diarrhea (opaque white liquid that does not have a bad odor often described as resembling rice water). Bowel movements are frequent and often uncontrolled. Stool volume is more than that from any other infectious diarrhea. Diarrhea and vomiting can lead to severe dehydration, vascular collapse, shock, and death. Dehydration can develop within hours after the onset of symptoms. This contrasts with disease produced by infection from any other enteropathogen. 

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