Electrolyte changes

Neutral PET hydrolysis usually takes place under high temperature and pressure in die presence of alkali metal acetate transesterification catalysts.28 It is diought diat the catalytic effect observed on the part of zinc salts is the result of electrolytic changes induced in die polymer-water interface during the hydrolysis process. The catalytic effect of zinc and sodium acetates is thought to be due to die destabilization of die polymer-water interface in the hydrolysis process. 

Children are more susceptible to dehydration (particularly when vomiting occurs) and may require medical attention early in their course, especially if younger than the 3 years of age. Physician intervention is also necessary for elderly patients who are sensitive to fluid loss and electrolyte changes due to concurrent chronic illness. 

In contrast to the Planck solution, the Henderson approximation enjoys considerable use [ 10,11 ]. Henderson s liquid-junction model is based on the assumption that the concentrations of the ions in the liquid junction change linearly withx between values corresponding to the edges of the liquid junction. This assumption is equivalent to the concept of a mixture of electrolytes changing unifonnly between the two edges of the liquid junction. Then... 

One possible, although speculative explanation of the effect of the addition of sulfamic acid or sodium sulfate may be based on Eq. (4.9). According to this equation, the variation in the concentration c of a nonreacting electrolyte changes the thickness of the metal-solution interphase, the double-layer thickness It appears that as the thickness of the double layer, decreases, the coercivity of the Co(P) deposited decreases as well. 

Two terms are often used /axat/Ves and caihartics. Cathartics produce prompt fluid evacuation, whiie iaxatives produce soft-formed stoois over a protracted period. Mechanisms of action vary, but the net overall effect is fluid accumuiation within the bowei iumen by a hydrophiiic action, an osmotic action and/or a direct action on mucosal cells to decrease absorption or to enhance secretion of water and electrolytes. Changes in Na-f-/K-i-ATPase, adenylyl cyclase and prostaglandins may be invoived in these actions. 

The electrolytic changes that occur at the positive electrode fall into three categories. 

Prostatic acid phosphatase is partially and reversibly inactivated by calcium ion (45). Anions such as chloride, bromide, and thiocyanate inhibit prostatic acid phosphatase competitively with regard to substrate as well as noncompetitively. A kinetic analysis by London et al. (46) indicates that the noncompetitive inhibition was related to changes in charge on the protein molecule. A variety of nonspecific anions accelerate thermal denaturation of the enzyme. The enzyme is quite sensitive to a number of electrolyte changes, but it is not clear whether these factors are involved in biological control. 

While a specific protocol for a combination hypothermia plus neuroprotective treatment trial cannot be detailed here, in general, a short latency to treatment, adequate length of treatment (presumably identified by preclinical studies), and close monitoring for side effects, particularly infections, electrolyte changes, and patient discomfort, will... 

The adsorption of the ions of the electrolyte changes the charge of the surface and generates simultaneously surface ion pairs (dipoles). Let us first assume that only the cation is adsorbed. The electric field induced by a surface dipole on the first layer ofwater molecules is given by6... 

The old (80+ years) are particulary intolerant of neuroleptics (given for confusion) and of diuretics (given for ankle swelling that is postural and not due to heart failure) which cause adverse electrolyte changes. Both classes of drug may result in admission to hospital of semicomatose senior citizens who deserve better treatment from their juniors. 

Euphoria or psychotic states may occur, perhaps due to CNS electrolyte changes. 

Chen CF, Lin MC, Liu HM. Plasma electrolyte changes after ingestion of bile extract of the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) in rats. Toxicol Lett 1990 50(2-3) 221-8. 

Collier CB. Suxamethonium pains and early electrolyte changes. Anaesthesia 1978 33(5) 454-61. 

Very little is known of the changes that occur, in bulk metals with aging except for calcium, which was found to shift from soft tissue with age (i05). Electrolyte changes are probably related to hormonal changes that accompany the aging processes (106,107) or to altered metal concentration per se (108,109),... 

Age-linked alterations in electrolyte distribution, such as loss of potassium and increased retention of sodium, was attributed to vasopressin activity (111)- When vasopressin was given alone or in combination with hydrocortisone, the life span of rats was significantly increased and the mortality rate was decreased during the early months of treatment, but when it was administered to older rats, there was no effect on survival rate in spite of an improvement in electrolyte balance. Electrolyte changes with age recently have been studied by Korkusko et al. (112), Plasma, potassium, calcium, and magnesium were significantly decreased with age. 

A closely related matter is the measurement and use of the flatband potential. The existing data show that for a silicon/electrolyte interface the flatband potential is specific to the given surface condition. Also, the flatband potential generally drifts due to the fact that the surface of silicon in electrolytes changes constantly with time. Also, it changes with application of potentials which is generally required for the determination of flatband potential. Therefore, any theory which assumes a fixed value of flat-band potential will be limited in its scope of validity. 

Furosemide (frusemide) produces a rapid decrease in the plasma and blood volumes and a concomitant increase in the total protein concentration. This effect is maximal about 30 min after its i.v. administration but is attenuated, in part, over the next few hours by fluid shifts into the vascular compartment from the intestinal tract and intracellular and interstitial fluid spaces (Hinchcliff Mitten 1993). The changes in the plasma and blood volumes are accompanied by decreases in the plasma concentrations of potassium, chloride, calcium and hydrogen ions (a mild metabolic alkalosis is produced). In contrast, the sodium ion concentration remains essentially unchanged (Hinchcliff Mitten 1993). These electrolyte changes can be exacerbated and a mild decrease in the sodium ion concentration may also be observed if horses are allowed to replace water losses by drinking. 

Toxic effects are an extension of terbutaline s pharmacologic activity. Common symptoms include hypertension, tachycardia, arrhythmias, central nervous system stimulation, gastrointestinal effects, and transient electrolyte changes (e.g., hypokalemia). 

Peak area precision is of great importance in the development of a quantitative assay. The reproducibility of the peak area is dependent upon a number of parameters, all of them instrumentally derived. Chemistry has little impact upon the quantitative reproducibility of an assay except where electrolytic changes in buffer pH can affect the absorption spectra of an analyte or where wall adsorption of the analyte can occur [17]. Most commercial instrumentation allows the use of electroki-netic and pressure injection modes for introduction of sample. 

The effects of tissue dehydration and water loss (Fay, 1930 McQuarrie Keith, 1929 Bridge lob, 1931), and electrolyte depletion (Bridge lob, 1931 Millichap et al., 1964) were initially thought to play an important role in the antiseizure effect of the KD. Later studies failed to replicate these findings (Huttenlocher et al., 1971 Appleton DeVivo, 1974 DeVivo et al., 1978). Although minor or transient electrolyte changes may be seen clinically in patients on the KD, a primary role is unlikely. 

Answer B. If the patient had been able to mention tinnitus, this would be a classic case of aspirin poisoning. At high salicylate blood levels, the combination of effects leading to respiratory depression (respiratory acidosis) and metabolic acidosis results in the observed pH and electrolyte changes, the anion gap (a marker for acidosis), and hyperthermia. 

Of the chemical constituents of the body which are lost or damaged, the proteins of the tissues suffer most, but considerable electrolyte changes take place and the tricarboxylic acid cycle is deranged. 

B17. Brooks, D. K., Williams, W. G., Manley, R. W., and Whitman, P., Osmolar and electrolyte changes in haemorrhagic shock. Hypertonic solutions in the prevention of tissue damage. Lancet I, 521-527 (1963). 

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