Decenes hydroformylation

Decene was hydrocarboxylated with a [PdClaj/TPPTS catalyst in acidic aqueous solutions (pH adjusted to 1.8) in the presence of various chemically modified cyclodextrins (Scheme 10.11) [18]. As in most cases, the best results were obtained with DiOMe-P-CD. In an interesting series of reactions 1-decene was hydrocarboxylated in 50 50 mixtures with other compounds. Although all additives decreased somewhat the rate of 1-decene hydroformylation, the order of this inhibitory effect was 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene < cumene < undecanoic acid, which corresponds to the order of the increasing stability of the inclusion complexes of additives with p-CD, at least for 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (60 M ) and cumene (1200 M ). These results clearly show the possible effect of competition of the various components in the reaction mixture for the cyclodextrin. 

The second synthesis is based on the conversion of undecanal into 2-methyleneundecanal by reaction with formaldehyde in the presence of catalytic amounts of amines [15]. Hydrogenation of 2-methyleneundecanal yields methylnonylacetaldehyde. A convenient process starts from 1-decene hydroformylation gives a mixture consisting mainly of undecanal and 2-methyldecanal. Reaction of the crude product with formaldehyde in the presence of dibutylamine yields a mixture containing over 50% 2-methyleneundecanal. After hydrogenation of the double bond, pure 2-methylundecanal is separated from by-products by fractional distillation [16]. 

Betzemeier et al. (1998) have used f-BuOOH, in the presence of a Pd(II) catalyst bearing perfluorinated ligands using a biphasic system of benzene and bromo perfluoro octane to convert a variety of olefins, such as styrene, p-substituted styrenes, vinyl naphthalene, 1-decene etc. to the corresponding ketone via a Wacker type process. Xia and Fell (1997) have used the Li salt of triphenylphosphine monosulphonic acid, which can be solubilized with methanol. A hydroformylation reaction is conducted and catalyst recovery is facilitated by removal of methanol when filtration or extraction with water can be practised. The aqueous solution can be evaporated and the solid salt can be dissolved in methanol and recycled. 

With the RCH/RP process, it is possible to hydroformylate propene up to pentenes with satisfying space time yields. On the other hand, heavier aldehydes such as Cio (iso-decanal) or higher from the hydroformylation of nonene(s), decenes, etc. can not be separated from the oxo catalysts by conventional means such as distillation due to thermal instability at the required temperatures and thus especially needs the careful aqueous-biphasic separation technique. There are numerous attempts to overcome the problem of low reactivity of higher alkenes which is due to low miscibility of the alkenes in water [26,27b, 50a,58d]. These proposals can briefly be summarized as ... 

The use of catechol-based phosphites with PEG moieties in the thermoregulated phase-transfer hydroformylation of 1-decene was also investi-... 

The 3/Rh catalyst formed in situ (P/Rh = 4 1, substrate/Rh = 1000 1) has been applied to the aqueous-organic biphasic hydroformylation of 1-decene. The conversion of olefin and yield of aldehyde were 99.5 and 99.0%, respectively, after 5 h at 120 °C and 5.0 MPa of synthesis gas. Recycling tests showed that the aldehyde yield was still higher than 94.0% even after the catalyst had been recycled 20 times. 

Liu et al. [18] investigated the possibility of catalyst recycling in the nonaqueous hydroformylation of 1-decene by using the thermomorphic polyether phosphite 2a described earlier under phase-transfer conditions. Catalyst recovery with the procedure of phase-separable catalysis was possible with 0.92% rhodium loss in the seventh cycle. Complete olefin conversion and aldehyde yields of 98% were reached, but linear and branched aldehydes were formed in almost equal amounts. 

CH3(CH2)vCH(CH3)CHO, C11H22O, Mr 170.29, i pgg.skPa 119-120 °C, df 0.8948, 1.4205, is not reported to have been found in nature. It is a colorless liquid with an aldehydic, citrus-peel-like, waxy-green odor. 2-Methyldecanal is obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of 2-methylundecanal by hydroformylation of 1-decene (see 2-methylundecanal). It is used in perfumery to refresh green and citrus nuances. 

Rh/tppts catalysts in the presence of cyclodextrins constitute CPTC systems which are active in the hydroformylation oT various water-insoluble olefins.566,567,570 For example, 1-decene was biphasically hydroformylated with... 

The fluorous biphasic catalysis concept was successfully demonstrated first by hydroformylation of 1-decene carried out in perfluoromethylcyclohexane and toluene, which forms a homogeneous liquid phase at 100°C in the presence of catalyst 2 prepared in situ according to Eq. (14.1) 125,133... 

Horvath and Rabai demonstrated the efficiency of their fluorous-soluble RhP[CH2CH2(CF2)5CF3]3 catalyst in the hydroformylation of 1-decene at 100 °C, usingaSOiSOvol toluene/CgFnCFsSolventmixtureandllbarofl 1 CO/H2[148]. 

The catalytic performance of the fluoropolymer ligands 1 and 2 was first tested in the fluorous biphase hydroformylation of 1-alkenes, styrene and n-butyl acrylate. The reaction was conducted in a batch reactor in a 40/20/40 vol% hexane/toluene/perfluoromethylcyclohexane solvent mixture (10 mL). The catalyst was formed in situ by adding [Rh(CO)2(acac)] (5 rmol, P/Rh = 6) to the polymer-containing solvent mixture followed by introduction of syngas (30 bar, CO/H2 = 1/1). Table 2 summarises the results obtained. The salient features of the results are Firstly, the activity of the fluorous soluble polymer catalysts are significantly higher than that reported for solid polymer- and aqueous soluble polymer-supported rhodium catalysts.18-22 For example, the average turnover frequency (TOF) for the fluorous biphase hydroformylation of 1-decene is 136 mole aldehyde h-1 per mol of rhodium catalyst with an aldehyde selectivity of 99%. In comparison, a rhodium catalyst supported on the... 

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