Deaerator

The heat and mass balances around the deaerator can be described as 

For large steam turbines, isentropic efficiency can be between 50 and 70% while efficiency for small turbines is much lower with a wide variation depending on speed, horse power (hp), and pressure conditions. Efficiency varies with turbine loading, which can be described by an efficiency curve. This curve can be used to determine actual steam rates based on specific turbine loading. 

If r]is is known, the actual power generated from the steam turbine can be calculated as 

Example 15.1 Estimate Steam Rate for Steam Turbine 

FIGURE 15.7. The Mollier (h-s) steam diagram. (From Kutz (1998), reproduced with 

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Volume reduction in service Thermal stability Resistance to oxidation, deaeration... 

Performance can be illustrated for example by the time necessary for deaeration or de-emulsification of oils, anti-rust properties, copper strip corrosion test, the flash point in closed or open cup, the cloud and pour points, the foaming characteristics, etc. 

The amount of sulfur in aromatic monomers can be determined by differential pulse polarography. Standard solutions are prepared for analysis by dissolving 1.000 mb of the purified monomer in 25.00 mb of an electrolytic solvent, adding a known amount of S, deaerating, and measuring the peak current. The following results were obtained for a set of calibration standards... 

Viscose Aging, Filtration, and Deaeration. After the dissolution step, the viscose cannot be spun into fibers because it contains many small air bubbles and particles. Furthermore, the degree of xanthation is too high, with too many of the xanthate groups in positions dictated by their accessibihty and not in the ideal positions for uniform dissolution. 

Continuous deaeration occurs when the viscose is warmed and pumped into thin films over cones in a large vacuum tank. The combination of the thinness of the Hquid film and the dismption caused by the boiling of volatile components allows the air to get out quickly. Loss of water and CS2 lower the gamma value and raise the cellulose concentration of the viscose slightly. Older systems use batch deaeration where the air bubbles have to rise through several feet of viscose before they are Hberated. 

The dark blue solution containing 5—10% of cellulose with a DP of 1000—2000 is filtered through a series of plate-and-frame filter presses using fine mesh metal screens to remove any particles that might block the spinneret holes. It is then deaerated under vacuum and stored ready for spinning. Unlike viscose dope, the cuprammonium cellulose [9050-09-3] solution is relatively stable. 

Gas entrained in the fluid and the flexibiflty of the pipe wall both result in lowering of the wave speed. For deaerated water, the wave speed is about 1250 m/s. Detailed methods of analysis and evaluation of hydraulic transients may be found in the flterature (25). 

Selection of the high pressure steam conditions is an economic optimisation based on energy savings and equipment costs. Heat recovery iato the high pressure system is usually available from the process ia the secondary reformer and ammonia converter effluents, and the flue gas ia the reformer convection section. Recovery is ia the form of latent, superheat, or high pressure boiler feedwater sensible heat. Low level heat recovery is limited by the operating conditions of the deaerator. 

Is low level process heat used to preheat deaerator makeup ... 

For fine powders that tend to bridge or stick and are of low bulk density, some form of forced feed, such as the tapered screw feeder shown in Figure 9, must be used to deaerate, precompact, and pressurize the feed into the nip. Large machines are available with up to five screw feeders to spread the flow across the roUs, and vacuum hoppers are also used to remove air when densifying low density feeds. 

Fig. 31. Steam system of a pulp and paper mill where PRV = pressure reducing valve, DSH = desuperheater, and DA = deaerating. To convert MPa to...

HES is produced from 93—96% dextrose hydrolyzate that has been clarified, carbon-treated, ion-exchanged, and evaporated to 40—50% dry basis. Magnesium is added at a level of 0.5—5 mAf as a cofactor to maintain isomerase stabiUty and to prevent enzyme inhibition by trace amounts of residual calcium. The feed may also be deaerated or treated with sodium bisulfite at a level of 1—2-mAf SO2 to prevent oxidation of the enzyme and a resulting loss in activity. 

While the ambient-temperature operation of membrane processes reduces scaling, membranes are much more susceptible not only to minute amounts of scaling or even dirt, but also to the presence of certain salts and other compounds that reduce their ability to separate salt from water. To reduce corrosion, scaling, and other problems, the water to be desalted is pretreated. The pretreatment consists of filtration, and may include removal of air (deaeration), removal of CO2 (decarbonation), and selective removal of scale-forming salts (softening). It also includes the addition of chemicals that allow operation without scale deposition, or which retard scale deposition or cause the precipitation of scale which does not adhere to soHd surfaces, and that prevent foam formation during the desalination process. 

Oxygen Control. To meet industrial standards for both oxygen content and the allowable metal oxide levels in feed water, nearly complete oxygen removal is required. This can be accompHshed only by efficient mechanical deaeration supplemented by an effective and properly controlled chemical oxygen scavenger. 

The second approach, changing the environment, is a widely used, practical method of preventing corrosion. In aqueous systems, there are three ways to effect a change in environment to inhibit corrosion (/) form a protective film of calcium carbonate on the metal surface using the natural calcium and alkalinity in the water, (2) remove the corrosive oxygen from the water, either by mechanical or chemical deaeration, and (3) add corrosion inhibitors. 

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